tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85249882699786393952024-02-20T07:54:38.517-08:00damaikusemoga semua hal baik bermanfaat lebih untuk kitaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-82350900322057275522014-03-08T19:38:00.000-08:002014-03-08T19:38:35.888-08:00Macam-macam alat mekanis pertambanganPada kesempatan kali ini saya akan membahas mengenai macam alat mekanis, alat mekanis merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk mempermudah dalam proses pertambangan dan guna meningkatkan produksi dalam jumlah besar, yang saya bahas disini umumnya alat surface mining.<br />
Pemilihan alat mekanis melalui dua pertimbangan yaitu dari segi secara mekanis dan dari segi ekonomisnya.<br />
oke yang pertama :<br />
Pertimbangan dari aspek secara mekanis meliputi :<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Alat mekanis nantinya mampu berhadapan dengan bahan galian yang alamiahnya memiliki sifat fisik dan mekanis relatif keras.</li>
<li>Tenaga mekanis (mesin) dapat dirancang berkemampuan cukup kuat untuk menghadapi kondisi batuan.</li>
<li>Akan meningkatkan laju produksi tinggi dibandingkan konvensional.</li>
<li>Dapat digunakan untuk produksi yang besar.</li>
</ul>
Pertimbangan dari segi aspek ekonomis eliputi :<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Investasi dan biaya kepemilikannya cukup besar.</li>
<li>Suku cadang terbatas (hanya terdapat pada agen tertentu).</li>
<li>Biaya operasi yang mencakup perawatan dan lain-lain cukup tinggi.</li>
<li>Pemilihan alat harus cermat agar sesuai dengan umur tambang.</li>
</ul>
Dari segi pengelompokannya ada 3 jenis alat mekanis yang digunakan pada umumnya alat tersebut yaitu:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="color: red;">Alat gali-muat</span> ; alat yang digunakan untuk menggali bahan galian lunak atau hasil peledakan sekaligus memuat material kedalam alat angkut.</li>
<li><span style="color: red;">Alat angkut</span> ; alat yang digunakan untuk menggangkut bahan galian dari lokasi front kerja tambang ke stoke pile atau ke proses selanjutnya atau langsung ke konsumen.</li>
<li><span style="color: red;">Alat bantu/penunjang</span> ; alat yang diguanakan untuk kelancaran proses produksi pada tambang, contohnya alat pelebaran jalan angkut, alat pengupasan soil dll.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Oke yang pertama contoh alat gali-muat :</li>
</ul>
<br />
Power shovel<br />
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Drag line<br />
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Excavator Backhoe<br />
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Hydraulic shovel<br />
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Bucket whell excavator (BWE)<br />
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Bucket chain excavator (BCE)<br />
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Whell loader/Front-end loader<br />
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Clamshell<br />
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Overhead shovel loader<br />
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</div>
<ul>
<li>Selanjutnya alat angkut berupa :</li>
</ul>
<br />
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Dump Truck</div>
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Lokomotif+lori</div>
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Conveyor</div>
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Power scraper</div>
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Skape</div>
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Cage</div>
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Tongkang+Tugboat</div>
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Kapal curah</div>
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<ul>
<li>Alat-alat bantu/penunjang berupa :</li>
</ul>
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Buldozer</div>
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Grader </div>
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Water truck</div>
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Ripper</div>
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dari alat-alat diatas mungkin msih banyak yg kurang saya sebutkan kiranya bisa membantu untuk memberi komen pada post ini trmaksih</div>
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jika ingin jelasny dapat downlod slide berikut <a href="http://adf.ly/eyPM0" target="_blank">disini</a> ,,, </div>
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<span style="color: #cc3300; font-family: Century Gothic;"><b>FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMILIHAN ALAT MEKANIS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Jenis material</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lepas, sedang atau kompak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Altitude</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">`<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tenaga mesin disel berkurang 3% setiap kenaikan 1000 ft</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Kapasitas alat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Untuk target yang sama, jumlah alat berkapasitas besar < yang berkapasitas kecil</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Medan kerja</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tingkat kesulitan medan menentukan jenis alat angkut yang cocok dan ekonomis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Sistem penambangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tambang terbuka, bawah tanah atau alluvial (placer)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">Biaya investasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Tingkat ketersediaan dana, baik sebagai modal awal, operasional maupun pengembangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Century Gothic; font-size: x-small;">sekian pembahasan dari saya semoga bermanfaat<br />salam damaiku....</span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-62151317149329106942013-12-30T20:00:00.001-08:002013-12-30T20:26:13.206-08:00Penjelasan mengenai magma dan lava<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Magma</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Lava</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Magma</span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial;"> :</span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
material </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">silikat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pijar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dibawah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi,</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;">merupakan batu-batuan cair yang terletak di dalam k</span>amar magma<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;"> di bawah permukaan bumi.</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Lava</span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">;
magma yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terlempar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">membentuk</span></span><span style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Pyroclastic
materials </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;">cairan larutan magma</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;"> pijar yang mengalir keluar dari dalam bumi</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;"> melalui kawah gunung berapi</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.1875px;"> atau melalui celah (patahan) yang kemudian membeku menjadi batuan yang bentuknya bermacam-macam.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">{Magma yang </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">membeku</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">batuan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">beku</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br />
(</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Igneous
rocks</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">)}</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 32.0pt;">•</span><b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Magma </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">(Monroe & </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Wicander</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, 1997)</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Mafic
magma</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> =
45 – 52 % SiO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Intermediete</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"> magma</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> = 53 – 65% SiO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Felsic
Magma</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> = > 65% SiO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Viskositas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Magma</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">resistensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> magma </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Mafic
magma</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">Relatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mudah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">dikontrol</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">silika</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> tetrahedron (SEDIKIT)</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">lava tipis</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Felsic
magma</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">Relatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perlahan</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">dikontrol</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jaringan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">silika</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> tetrahedron (BANYAK)</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: #444444;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">lava </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tebal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lava</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> : </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pahoehoe</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> and AA
flows</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bawah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">pahoehoe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"> flow</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cepat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, lava tipis</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Permukaan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Pahoehoe</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> flow</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">
(P. </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Hawai</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">ropy structures</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">;
tipis</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">AA flow</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kental</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">viscous</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">), </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perlahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, lava </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tebal</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Aa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> flow</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kumpulan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">angular blocks, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kental</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tebal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">pahoehoe</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"> flow</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pendinginan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Magma</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">Magma </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">mendingin</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> di
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">bawah</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">permukaan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">Mengalami</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">pendinginan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">kristalisasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">tubuh</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">batuan </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">beku</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">intrusif</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">intrusive </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">igneous body</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">) di </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">dalam</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">kerak</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">bumi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">earth’s </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">crust</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">Produk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">pendinginan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">plutonik</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">Plutons</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Concordant
plutons</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> = </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">memiliki</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">batas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">paralel</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">/</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">selaras</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">dengan </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">lapisan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">batuan </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">yang </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">diintrusi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">country
rocks</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">SILL,
LACCOLITH</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Discordant
plutons</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> = </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">memiliki</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">batas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">memotong</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">lapisan </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">diintrusinya</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">DIKE</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; line-height: 90%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 80%; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Magma
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">mendingin</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> di
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">volcanic
eruptions</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #666666;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">Mengalami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendinginan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kristalisasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">membentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">extrusive rock body</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #666666;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #666666;">–<span style="font-family: Arial;">Menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Pyroclastic
materials</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>Produk</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>--Lava flows</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>--Aa flow</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>Pahoehoe flow</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>Hexagonal columnar joints (terbentuk karena kontraksi ketika pendinginan magma, sumbu </i></span></span></div>
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<i style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; line-height: 12px;">panjang columnar joint tegak lurus dengan arah pendinginan magma)</i></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>Tephra</i></span></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.31in;"></span></i></span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i>Volcanic bomb</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><i><br /></i></span></span><span style="line-height: 12px;">Pendinginan dan Kristaslisasi</span></h2>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">#Magma mendingin relatif perlahan (dibawah permukaan bumi)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Cukup waktu membentuk kristal yang sempurna</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Ukuran kristal relatif kasar (besar)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Tekstur Kristalin (crystalline texture) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">#Magma mendingin relatif lebih cepat (dekat/di permukaan bumi)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Tidak cukup waktu membentuk kristal yang sempurna</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Ukuran kristal relatif lebih halus (kecil)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Tekstur kristalin</span></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">#Magma mendingin relatif sangat cepat (di permukaan bumi)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Tidak sempat membentuk kristal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Membentuk kaca (glass)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 12px;">Tekstur amorf (amorphous texture)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Mungkin sekian pembahasan saya kali ini semoga posting yang saya buat bermanfaat lebih ,,,</div>
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<br /></div>
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salam damauku</div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-32847383066621195382013-12-14T12:55:00.004-08:002013-12-14T12:58:13.633-08:00Mengenai Timah Timah (Tin) adalah logam berwarna putih keperakan, dengan kekerasan yang rendah, berat jenis 7,3 g/cm3, serta mempunyai sifat konduktivitas panas dan listrik yang tinggi. Dalam keadaan normal (13 – 1600C), logam ini bersifat mengkilap dan mudah dibentuk. Ada 2 macam timah yaitu Sn (stnnum) atau timah putih dan Pb (timbal) atau timah hitam.<br />
<span style="color: red;">Timah putih (sn)</span> adalah unsur kimia dengan simbol Sn (Latin : stannum) dan nomor atom 50, adalah logam golongan utama di kelompok 14 dari tabel periodik. Timah menunjukkan kemiripan kimia untuk kedua kelompok 14 elemen tetangga, germanium dan memimpin dan memiliki dua kemungkinan oksidasi, +2 dan sedikit lebih stabil 4. Timah adalah unsur paling melimpah ke-49 dan memiliki, dengan 10 isotop stabil, jumlah terbesar yang stabil isotop dalam tabel periodik. Tin diperoleh terutama dari mineral kasiterit , di mana itu terjadi sebagai timah dioksida.<br />
<span style="color: red;">Timah hitam ( Pb )</span> merupakan logam lunak yang berwarna kebiru-biruan atau abu-abu keperakan dengan titik leleh pada 327,5°C dan titik didih 1.740°C pada tekanan atmosfer. Senyawa Pb-organik seperti Pb-tetraetil dan Pb-tetrametil merupakan senyawa yang penting karena banyak digunakan sebagai zat aditif pada bahan bakar bensin dalam upaya meningkatkan angka oktan secara ekonomi. PB-tetraetil dan Pb tetrametil berbentuk larutan dengan titik didih masing-masing 110°C dan 200°C. Karena daya penguapan kedua senyawa tersebut lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan daya penguapan unsur-unsur lain dalam bensin, maka penguapan bensin akan cenderung memekatkan kadar P-tetraetil dan Pb-tetrametil. Kedua senyawa ini akan terdekomposisi pada titik didihnya dengan adanya sinar matahari dan senyawa kimia lain diudara seperti senyawa holegen asam atau oksidator.<br />
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Sumber timah yang terbesar yaitu sebesar 80% berasal dari endapan timah sekunder (alluvial) yang terdapat di alur-alur sungai, di darat (termasuk pulau-pulau timah), dan di lepas pantai. Endapan timah sekunder berasal dari endapan timah primer yang mengalami pelapukan yang kemudian terangkut oleh aliran air, dan akhirnya terkonsentrasi secara selektif berdasarkan perbedaan berat jenis dengan bahan lainnya. Endapan alluvial yang berasal dari batuan granit lapuk dan terangkut oleh air pada umumnya terbentuk lapisan pasir atau kerikil.<br />
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Mineral utama yang terkandung pada bijih timah adalah cassiterite (Sn02). Batuan pembawa mineral ini adalah batuan granit yang berhubungan dengan magma asam dan menembus lapisan sedimen (intrusi granit). Pada tahap akhir kegiatan intrusi, terjadi peningkatan konsentrasi elemen di bagian atas, baik dalam bentuk gas maupun cair, yang akan bergerak melalui pori-pori atau retakan. Karena tekanan dan temperatur berubah, maka terjadilah proses kristalisasi yang akan membentuk deposit dan batuan samping.<br />
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Proses pembentukan bijih timah (Sn) berasal dari magma cair yang mengandung mineral kasiterit (Sn02). Pada saat intrusi batuan granit naik ke permukaan bumi, maka akan terjadi fase pneumatolitik, dimana terbentuk mineral-mineral bijih diantaranya bijih timah (Sn). Mineral ini terakumulasi dan terasosiasi pada batuan granit maupun di dalam batuan yang diterobosnya, yang akhirnya membentuk vein-vein (urat), yaitu : pada batuan granit dan pada batuan samping yang diterobosnya.<br />
Disini saya akan lebih membahas tentang proses penambangan timah di pulau bangka belitung,<br />
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<span style="color: red;">Tahap penambangan Timah</span><br />
1. Tahap pengkajian / Eksplorasi<br />
Tujuan tahap ini untuk mengetahui seberapa besar cadangan logam ini, beberapa komponennya meliputi pemetaan awal atau surveyo, sumur bor atau small bor berarti menggambil contoh logam dengan teknik bor tanah dan melakukan analisis di laboraturium. Sehingga pemetaanakhir geologis (geological map) sangat menentukan.<br />
2. Tahap Operasional Tambang<br />
Meliputi dua tahap yaitu penanmbagan lepas pantai dan darat. Untuk lepas pantai biasanya perusahaan mengoperasikan dengan armada kapal kruk, bucket(mangkuk) kapal keruk memiliki ukuran 7cuft sampai 20 cuft, digunakan pada kedalaman 15 sampai 50 meter dibawah permukaan laut, perbulannya kapal keruk ini mampu menggali lebih dari 3 setengah juta meter kubik material setiap bulan.<br />
Sedang kan untuk Darat banyak dilakukan ditempat tertentu di kepulauan BangkaBelitung yang nantinya akan menghasilkan danau/kolong hasil dari penambangan tersebut<br />
3. Tahap peningkatan kadar bijih logam atau pengolahan<br />
Proses ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan produk akhir berupa logam berkualitas dengan kadar pengotor rendah dan sn/pb tinggi<br />
4. Tahap peleburan<br />
Proses ini meleburkan bijihnya menjadi logam timah, dan harus dilakukan pemurnian terlebih dahulu dengan alat pemurnian crystallizer<br />
5. Tahap distribusi pemasaran<br />
Proses ini meliputi kegiatan penjualan atau penyaluran logam timah ke dalam atau luar negeri.<br />
Didalam proses penambangan timah dikenal 2 jenis penambangan yang dikenal di Bangka Belitung.<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: red;">a. Penambangan Lepas Pantai</span></i></b><br />
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kapal keruk</div>
Penambangan Timah Lepas Pantai (laut lepas). Pada kegiatan penambangan lepas pantai, perusahaan mengoperasikan armada kapal keruk untuk operasi produksi di daerah lepas pantai (off shore). Armada kapal keruk mempunyai kapasitas mangkok (bucket) mulai dari ukuran 7 cuft sampai dengan 24 cuft. Kapal keruk dapat beroperasi mulai dari kedalaman 15 meter sampai 50 meter di bawah permukaan laut dan mampu menggali lebih dari 3,5 juta meter kubik material setiap bulan. Setiap kapal keruk dioperasikan oleh karyawan yang berjumlah lebih dari 100 karyawan yang waktu bekerjanya terbagi atas 3 kelompok dalam 24 jam sepanjang tahun.<br />
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kapal isap</div>
Hasil produksi bijih timah dari kapal keruk diproses di instalasi pencucian untuk mendapatkan kadar minimal 30% Sn dan diangkut dengan kapal tongkang untuk dibawa ke Pusat Pengolahan Bijih Timah (PPBT) untuk dipisahkan dari mineral ikutan lainnya selain bijih timah dan ditingkatkan kadarnya hingga mencapai persyaratan peleburan yaitu minimal 70-72% Sn.<br />
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<i><b><span style="color: red;">b. Penambangan Timah Darat - Gravel Pump</span></b></i><br />
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Penambangan darat dilakukan di wilayah daratan pulau Bangka Belitung, tentunya system operasional yang digunakan tidaklah sama seperti pada wilayah lepas pantai. Proses penambangan timah alluvial menggunakan pompa semprot (gravel pump).<br />
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(Proses penambangan di Darat )</div>
Setiap kontraktor atau mitra usaha melakukan kegiatan penambangan berdasarkan perencanaan yang diberikan oleh perusahaan dengan memberikan peta cadangan yang telah dilakukan pemboran untuk mengetahui kekayaan dari cadangan tersebut dan mengarahkan agar sesuai dengan pedoman atau prosedur pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan keselamatan kerja di lapangan. Hasil produksi dari mitra usaha dibeli oleh perusahaan sesuai harga yang telah disepakati dalam Surat Perjanjian Kerja Sama.<br />
Pada daerah tertentu, penambangan timah darat menghasilkan wilayah sungai besar yang disebut dengan kolong/danau. Kolong/danau itulah merupakan inti utama cara kerja penambangan darat, karena pola kerja penambangan darat sangat tergantung pada pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya air dalam jumlah besar. Sehingga bila kita lihat dari udara, penambangan timah darat selalu menimbulkan genangan ari dalam jumlah besar seperti danau dan tampak berlobang-lobang besar.<br />
Produksi penambangan darat yang berada di wilayah Kuasa Pertambangan (KP) perusahaan dilaksanakan oleh kontraktor swasta yang merupakan mitra usaha dibawah kendali perusahaan. Hampir 80% dari total produksi perusahaan berasal dari penambangan di darat mulai dari Tambang Skala Kecil berkapasitas 20 m3/jam sampai dengan Tambang Besar berkapasitas 100 m3/jam. Produksi penambangan timah menghasilkan bijih pasir timah dengan kadar tertentu.</div>
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<span style="color: red;">Kegunaan Timah</span><br />
Data pada tahun 2006 menunjukkan bahwa logam timah banyak dipergunakan untuk solder(52%), industri plating (16%), untuk bahan dasar kimia (13%), kuningan & perunggu (5,5%), industri gelas (2%), dan berbagai macam aplikasi lain (11%).<br />
Akibat dari petumbuhan permintaan, kegunaan baru dari timah ditemukan. Masalah lingkungan, keselamatan dan kesehatan mempengaruhi kegunaan timah. Hasil dari riset yang sedang dilakukan di Internatioanal Tin Research Institude Ltd., lembaga yang dibiayai industri, banyak pasar baru untuk timah sedang dikembangkan.<br />
• Timah dalam kimia<br />
Industri kimia adalah konsumen timah yang paling cepat berkembang. Permintaan sangat kuat untuk peralatan rumah tangga dan cat industri, pada plastik dan lapisan tanpa belerang yang digunakan industri teknik (tembaga, perunggu dan fosfor perunggu diantara yang lainnya). Contoh aplikasi komersil adalah pelapisan timah pada kawat dan kabel tembaga dan pembuatan bentuk-bentuk timah tempa.<br />
<br />
sekian pembahasan saya mengenai logam timah , salam damaiku<br />
<br />
sumber:<br />
<a href="http://www.anneahira.com/timah.htm">http://www.anneahira.com/timah.htm</a><br />
<a href="http://dananglistiyanto.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/metode-pengolahan-timah/">http://dananglistiyanto.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/metode-pengolahan-timah/</a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-86105434924325857332013-09-01T20:17:00.000-07:002014-01-04T20:20:21.978-08:00EKSPLORASI BATUBARA<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red;">Tujuan Eksplorasi Batubara adalah </span>: Untuk menginventarisir serta melokalisir data endapan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">batubara yang ada di daerah studi yang guna mencari lokasi-lokasi singkapan batubara dan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">melaporkan daerah prospeksi hasil temuan di lapangan. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Apabila data-data yang didapat sangat mendukung, maka diharapkan daerah studi tersebut</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat dikembangkan ketingkat selanjutnya dengan membuat program studi kelayakan. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Kegiatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">eksplorasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berjalan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bila</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Demand</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">p</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Resources</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Faktor</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sukses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Penentuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Daerah </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Prospek</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">melihat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengamati</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">formasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">konteks</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">berhubungan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">endapan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">sumberdaya</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> non </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">hayati</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Mengasumsikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">kemungkinan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
lain yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">berhubungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
resources</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Peka</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">anomali</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">)
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> data</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Insting</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">geologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">kuat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;">Tahap Eksplorasi</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Penyelidikan Umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Survei tinjau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Prospeksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Eksplorasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Eksplorasi Umum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> Eksplorasi Rinci</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><b>Penyelidikan Umum</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><i>Survey Tinjau</i></b></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">Tahap penyelidikan umum untuk mengidentifikasi daerah-daerah yang berpotensi bagi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">keterdapatan bahan galian pada skala regional, terutama berdasarkan hasil studi regional,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">diantaranya pemetaan geologi, pemotretan udara dan metoda tidak langsung llainnya, dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">peninjauan lapangan pendahuluan yang penarikan kesimpulannya berdasarkan ekstrapolasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">dari data yang ada</span></div>
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<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><i><b>Prospeksi</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">Tahap penyelidikan umum untuk membatasi daerah potensi endapan bahan galian dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">kategori sumber daya tereka, yang menjadi tahap eksplorasi umum.</span></div>
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<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: red;">Eksplorasi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><b><i>Eksplorasi Umum</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">Tahap eksplorasi yang merupakan deliniasi awal dari suatu endapan yang teridentifikasi,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">berdasarkan indikasi sebaran, perkiraan awal mengenai ukuran, bentuk, sebaran,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">kuantitas dan kualitas, untuk mendapatkan sumber daya tertunjuk. Tingkat ketelitiannya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">harus dapat digunakan dalam penentuan untuk dilakukkannya tahap eksplorasi rinci atau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">tidak.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><b><i>Eksplorasi Rinci</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">Kegiatan eksplorasi dengan mendelliniasi secara rinci dalam 3 dimensi terhadap endapan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">bahan galian untuk dapat menentukan sumber daya terukur. Tahap ini dilakukan sebelum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">dilakukan studi kelayakan tambang.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">KAJIAN MENGENAI KEGIATAN EKSPLORASI INI MELIPUTI : </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">a. Kegiatan Prospeksi (Tahap Penyelidikan, pendataan Geologi Regional, dan stratigrafi)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">b. Penyelidikan lapangan/ Kegiatan eksplorasi </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">c. Pengolahan data</span><br />
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<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">a.Kegiatan Prospeksi</span></div>
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Tahap penyelidikan</div>
<div>
<div>
Pada Tahapan Penyelidikan ini merupakan kajian langsung atas dasar data primer (data langsung dari</div>
<div>
lapangan) maupun data sekunder (dari literatur yg membahas lokasi daerah penyelidikan) yg dilakukan</div>
<div>
baik sebelum, selama maupun setelah dari lapangan. </div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
Geologi Regional</div>
<div>
Contoh daerah Studi yaitu pada daerah Geologi regional daerah penyelidikan dipengaruhi oleh sistem</div>
<div>
penunjaman lempeng yang berada disebelah barat Pulau Sumatera, yaitu antara lempeng Eurasia yang relatif</div>
<div>
diam dengan lempeng India-Australia yang bergerak kearah Utara hingga Timur Laut. </div>
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Secara langsung maupun tidak langsung efek penunjaman lempeng tersebut mempengaruhi keadaan <span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan,</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">morfologi, tektonik dan struktur geologi didaerah penyelidikan dan sekitarnya yang berada di Cekungan</span></div>
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Sumatera Selatan (Gambar Penunjaman Lempeng sebelah Barat Sumatera ).</div>
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Berdasarkan konsep Tektonik Lempeng, kedudukan cekungan batubara tersier di Indonesia bagian</div>
<div>
barat <span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">berkaitan dengan sistem busur kepulauan. Dalam sistem ini dikenal adanya cekungan busur belakang,</span></div>
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cekungan busur depan dan cekungan intermontana atau cekungan antar busur. Masing-masing cekungan ini</div>
<div>
memiliki karakteristik endapan batubara yang berbeda satu sama lainnya.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLDto0GuoJCtm8_D94MpeoPZOoed_Bo6v5PhqKixjt2ciftwbrc6EjH1nLelW0NbW7KA1GGv5grH1tON4dBZKWlu1Nd8rI_Ws7aYnuUKw3qyCCBVlL3bO5o9wBhjgVfXby7cVE8ONuXbkp/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLDto0GuoJCtm8_D94MpeoPZOoed_Bo6v5PhqKixjt2ciftwbrc6EjH1nLelW0NbW7KA1GGv5grH1tON4dBZKWlu1Nd8rI_Ws7aYnuUKw3qyCCBVlL3bO5o9wBhjgVfXby7cVE8ONuXbkp/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Gambar Penunjaman Lempeng Sebelah Barat Sumatera</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Yang Mempengaruhi Keadaan Geolgi Daerah Penyelidikan</div>
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Stratigrafi<br />
Statigrafi Regional Cekungan Sumatera Selatan menurut para ahli terdahulu dibagi atas beberapa formasi dan <span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">satuan batuan tua sampai muda, yaitu :</span><br />
Formasi Air Benakat : terdiri dari batu pasir, diendapakan secara selaras diatas Formasi Gumai pada kala Miosen Tengah-Miosen Akhir, dilingkungan Neritik sampai Laut Dangkal.<br />
Formasi Muara Enim : terdiri dari batu pasir, batu lanau, batu lempung dan batubara. Formasi ini diendapkan secara selaras diatas Formasi Air Benakat pada kala Miosen dilingkungan Paludal, Delta, dan bukan laut.<br />
Formasi Kasai : terdiri dari batu pasir tufaan dan tufa, terletak selaras diatas Formasi Muara Enim, diendapkan dilingkungan darat pada kala Pliosen Akhir-Pliosen Awal.<br />
Endapan Kuarter : terdiri dari hasil rombakan batuan yang lebih tua, berukuran berakal, kerikil, pasir, lanau dan lempung, diendapkan secara tidak selaras diatas Formasi Kasai.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">b.KEGIATAN LAPANGAN ( EKSPLORASI)</span><br />
a. PEMBUATAN SUMUR UJI ( TEST PIT )<br />
b. PEMBUATAN PARIT UJI<br />
c. PEMBORAN<br />
<br />
Sumur Uji (Test Pit)<br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Sumur Uji (Test Pit) adalah salah satu usaha untuk memperoleh ketebalan secara absolut. Teknis pembuatan</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">test pit ini adalah dengan membuat lubang penggalian (sumuran) secara vertikal dan memotong tegak lurus</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">strike atau searah dipping, berdimensi panjang x lebar = 1 m x 1 m, sedangkan kedalaman disesuaikan</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan kebutuhan di lapangan. </span><br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Parit Uji (Trenching)</span><br />
Parit Uji (Trenching) adalah salah satu metoda lain untuk memperoleh ketebalan secara absolut. Teknis<br />
pembuatan trenching ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan pembuatan test pit yaitu dengan cara membuat paritan<br />
sepanjang/searah dengan down dip singkapan batubara (secara horizontal), berdimensi lebar ± 50 cm<br />
dengan kedalaman parit tergantung dari posisi kontak antara lapisan penutup (soil) dengan batubara,<br />
sedangkan panjang paritan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan di lapangan.<br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Pemboran</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Kegiatan pemboran dimaksudkan untuk melacak secara spesifik mengenai penyebaran batubara baik ke</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">arah down strike maupun down dip dari masing-masing singkapan yang telah ditemukan. Hasil data</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">pemboran diharapkan dapat mengetahui mengenai bentukan batubara bawah permukaan (coal modellling</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">sub-surface) sehingga dapat diketahui sumberdaya (resources) batubara yang ada. </span><br />
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Proses pemboran dilakukan dengan 2 unit mesin bor jenis portable yang sangat populer yakni “Tone” dan<br />
“Bell”. Dua cara pemboran yang dilakukan selama pelaksanaan program ini adalah pemboran putar (Rotary<br />
Drilling) lubang terbuka (Open Hole Drilling) dan pemboran inti <span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">pemboran dengan bor besar di lokasi</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">penyelidikan akan dilakukan pemboran dengan sistim Touch Coring (TC) dengan total kedalam 800 meter</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan rincian 612,16 meter dilakukan dengan pemboran Open Hole dan 187,84 meter dengan pemboran</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Coring.</span><br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">c</span>.PENGOLAHAN DATA<br />
KEADAAN ENDAPAN<br />
Lapisan batubara yang dijumpai di lapangan terdiri dari 4 lapisan (seam) yakni A1, A2, B1 dan B2. Secara<br />
umum penyebaran batubara tersebut dari Barat ke Timur dengan kemiringan ke arah Selatan (24 - 410).<br />
Dari keempat lapisan batubara (coal seam) yang terdapat dalam areal Studi, semua dianggap layak untuk<br />
ditambang, karena semua lapisan tersebut menunjukkan ketebalan lebih dari 2 meter.<br />
Batubara yang terdapat di daerah penyelidikan tergolong batubara muda (sub-bituminus atau lignite) dengan<br />
kadar air yang tinggi (moisture content) yang tinggi, namun kadar abu dan belerang rendah,<br />
<br />
SUMBERDAYA BATUBARA<br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Perhitungan sumberdaya batubara pada Blok Prospek dihitung dengan menggunakan ”Klasifikasi</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Perhitungan Sumberdaya USGS tahun 1983” dengan metoda perhitungan seam by seam, sedangkan untuk</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">perhitungan potensi batubara yang dapat ditambang menggunakan ”Metoda Penampang”.</span><br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Output perhitungan jumlah sumberdaya batubara dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu :</span><br />
Total sumberdaya batubara (terukur, indikasi dan tereka).<br />
Potensi CADANGAN BATUBARA yang dapat ditambang dengan cara tambang terbuka (open pit mining)<br />
dengan kedalaman penambangan maksimum ± 110 meter.<br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">PERHITUNGAN SUMBERDAYA BATUBARA</span><br />
Perhitungan Sumberdaya Batubara pada Blok Prospek mengacu pada Klasifikasi USGS tahun 1983,<br />
dimana kriterianya dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu :<br />
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">Sumberdaya Tereka (Inferred)</span>, dimana daerah pengaruh mempunyai radius antara 1200 m – 4800 m dari titik singkapan batubara</span><br />
<span style="color: red;">Sumberdaya Terunjuk (Indicated)</span>, dimana daerah pengaruh mempunyai radius antara 400 m – 1200 m dari titik singkapan batubara.<br />
<span style="color: red;">Sumberdaya Terukur (Measured)</span>, dimana daerah pengaruh mempunyai radius 400 m dari titik singkapan batubara.<br />
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Parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk memperoleh jumlah sumberdaya batubara ini adalah :<br />
Panjang daerah pengaruh ke arah strike (m) = P<br />
Lebar daerah pengaruh ke arah dip (m) = L<br />
Tebal singkapan batubara (m) = T<br />
Density batubara (1,3 ton/m3) = BJ<br />
Luas penampang batubara (m2) = A<br />
Sumberdaya (MT) = SD<br />
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Dari parameter-parameter tersebut maka dapat diketahui jumlah sumberdayanya dengan menggunakan</div>
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formula :</div>
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<span style="color: orange;">SD = P x L x T x BJ atau SD = A x T x BJ</span></div>
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Pada perhitungan perkiraan di atas sumberdaya pada Blok Prospek penyebaran batubara diasumsikan :</div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Volume tanah penutup (overburden) dan lapisan di antara lapisan batubara (interburden), serta volume</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">topografi belum turut diperhitungkan.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Penyebaran lapisan batubara dianggap ada di sepanjang radius daerah pengaruh tanpa ada faktor koreksi</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">topografi dan struktur geologi.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Lapisan batubara dianggap menerus dan ketebalannya dihitung dari nilai rata-rata dari data yang diperoleh</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">atau berdasarkan perhitungan geometri ke arah strike dan dip.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Density batubara adalah 1,3 ton/m3.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Kemiringan batubara dianggap konstan.</span></div>
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PERHITUNGAN POTENSI BATUBARA YANG DAPAT DITAMBANG</div>
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Untuk perhitungan potensi batubara yang dapat ditambang metoda perhitungannya dapat di bagi menjadi 2 yaitu;</div>
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Untuk kondisi lapisan-lapisan batubara yang memiliki interburden yang sangat tebal perhitungannya menggunakan metoda single pit (perhitungan tiap lapisan dipisahkan antara satu lapisan dengan lapisan lain sampai pada kedalaman tambang maksimum).</div>
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Untuk kondisi lapisan-lapisan batubara yang memiliki interburden tidak tebal perhitungannya menggunakan metoda multiple pit (perhitungan antar lapisan di gabungkan sampai pada kedalaman tambang maksimum).</div>
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Dalam proses perhitungannya jumlah yang akan disajikan adalah berdasarkan masing-masing perhitungan pit.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"></span>Demikian posting saya kali ini mengenai eksplorasi batubara semoga bermanfaat..<br />
salam damaiku....<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-78088186056639438542013-08-30T07:20:00.002-07:002013-08-30T07:20:51.445-07:00Tektonik & Geologi Struktur<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><i>Beda batas kajian Tektonik dan Geologi Struktur</i></span><br />
Geologi struktur dan tektonik :<br />
Keduanya sama mengkaji deformation of earth’s crust and lithosphere;<br />
Geologi struktur biasanya terkait dengan struktur pada skala regional dan mikroskopik (misal, individual structures or structural systems);<br />
Tektonik terkait dengan skala yang regional dan global (misal, orogenic system, development of sedimentary basins, metamorphism, dan igneous activities yang terkait dengan deformasi batuan. dll.).<br />
Tektonik memperhatikan absolute geologic time selama struktur terbentuk, sedangkan studi geologi struktur hanya tahapan relatif dari deformasi.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Orogen : the process of mountain formation </b></i><br />
Jalur Orogenik (Orogenic Belts)<br />
Jalur orogenik atau Orogen merupakan jalur tempat terjadinya konsentrasi deformasi mekanik atau aktifitas termal. Jalur ini merupakan rangkaian struktur regional utama, yang mencerminkan distorsi secara sistematik dari kerak bumi dimana struktur tersebut ditemukan.<br />
Jalur orogen merupakan produk dari pergerakan lempeng lithosfer, yang terbentuk sepanjang tepian lempeng (plate margins) atau dekat dengan batas lempeng (plate boundaries). Ekspresi fisiografik dari orogen adalah Rangkaian Pegunungan (Mountain belts/systems).<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #ffc800; font-family: Corbel; font-weight: bold;">Interior </span><span style="color: #ffc800; font-family: Corbel; font-weight: bold;">Bumi</span></span><br />
<span style="color: red;">A</span>. Kerak (crust)- lapisan terluar tipis secara relatif 1. Kerak samudra (oceanic crust) - lapisan tipis dengan tebal hanya beberapa km; komposisi vulkanik/basalt.<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>2. Kerak benua (continental crust)- lebih tebal dengan ~10 km tebal; komposisi granitik/plutonik/sedimen<br />
<span style="color: red;">B</span>. Mantel (mantle) – lapisan berbatu yang terletak dibawah kerak dan punya ketebalan ~ 2885 km<br />
1. Mantle- dense (padat), iron-magnesium silicate rocks<br />
2. "Moho“ – sering disebut Mohorovicic discontinuity atau Moho-seismic discontinuity dimana kecepatan gelombang gempabumi meningkat tiba-tiba dibawah 50 km. Ini dikenal sebagai batas antara kerak dan “upper mantle”<br />
3. Astenosfer (Asthenosphere) – zona lunak/lembek dari batuan lelehan secara parsial Kerak bumi merupakan bagian terluar lapisan bumi dan memiliki ketebalan 5-80 km. Kerak dengan mantel dibatasi oleh Mohorovicic Discontinuity. Kerak bumi dominan tersusun oleh feldsfar dan mineral silikat lainnya. Kerak bumi dibedakan menjadi dua jenis yaitu :<br />
· Kerak samudra, tersusun oleh mineral yang kaya akan Si, Fe, Mg yang disebut sima. Ketebalan kerak samudra berkisar antara 5-15 km (Condie, 1982)dengan berat jenis rata-rata 3 g/cc. Kerak samudra biasanya disebut lapisan basaltis karena batuan penyusunnya terutama berkomposisi basalt.<br />
· Kerak benua, tersusun oleh mineral yang kaya akan Si dan Al, oleh karenanya di sebut sial (asam). Ketebalan kerak benua berkisar antara 30-80 km (Condie 1982) rata-rata 35 km dengan berat jenis rata-rata sekitar 2,85 g/cc. kerak benua biasanya disebut sebagai lapisan granitis karena batuan penyusunya terutama terdiri dari batuan yang berkomposisi granit.<br />
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<i><b>Perbedaan Basalt dan Granit</b></i></div>
<div>
Salah satu faktor utama yang membedakan antara bermacam – macam batuan beku dan juga antara berbagai macam magma asal ialah kandungan silika (SiO2). Magma pembentuk batuan beku basaltik mengandung kira – kira 50% silika. Batuan Beku Granitik mengandung sekitang 70% silika, sedang batuan beku menengah mengandung sekitar 60% silika. Maka dapat dikatakan bahwa Viskositas dangan berhubungan dengan kandungan silikanya,</div>
<div>
Hal ini dikarenakan molekul – molekul silika terangkai dalam bentuk rantai yang panjang. Walaupun belum mengalami kristalisasi. Akibatnya Lava basaltik mengandung silika yang rendah, maka lava basaltik cenderung bersifat encer dan mudah mengalir. Sedangkan lava granitik relatif sangat kental dan sulit mengalir walaupun pada temperatur tinggi.</div>
<div>
Kerak benua cenderung lebih ringan (kurang padat) daripada kerak samudra. Kerak samudra lebih muda usia geologinya dibandingkan dengan kerak benua.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div>
DISKONTINUITAS MOHOROVICIC</div>
<div>
Maksudnya adalah Batas antara kerak bumi dan mantel bumi.</div>
<div>
Dalam ilmu geologi, istilah diskontinuitas digunakan untuk menunjukkan lapisan imajiner yang menjadi batas perubahan cepat rambat gelombang seismik. Pada kerak samudra, lapisan ini berada pada kedalaman 8 km, sedangkan pada kerak benua pada kedalaman 32 km, Pada diskontinuitas ini gelombang seismik berakselerasi. Lapisan imajiner inilah yang disebut dengan Diskontinuitas mohorovivic, atau lebih sederhana lagi disebut dengan Moho.</div>
<div>
Diskontinuitas mohorovivic ditemukan pada tahun 1909 oleh Andrija Mohorovicic, seorang ahli kegempaan dari kroasia. Dia menemukan bahwa cepat rambat gelombang seismik bergantung pada densitas material yang dilaluinya. Dia mengintrepretasikan terjadi perubahan keepatan dari gelombang seismic seiring dengan perubahan komposisi material pembentuk bumi. Perubahan kecepatan tersebut tentu disebabkan oleh hadirnya material dengan densitas yang lebih tinggi pada kedalaman perut bumi. Semakin tinggi densitas suatu material, semakin cepat pula gelombang seismik merambat melaluinya.</div>
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<div>
<span style="color: red;">C</span>. Litosfer (lithosphere)- bagian padatan terluar bumi yang meliputi “upper mantle” dan kerak yang berada diatas astenosfer</div>
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<span style="color: red;">D</span>. Inti terluar (outer core) - 2270 km tebal; ciri berupa “mobile liquid”</div>
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<span style="color: red;">C</span>airan (Liquid), kaya besi (iron-rich), </div>
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<span style="color: red;">E</span>. Inti terdalam - inner core- 1216 km tebal, bola metalik padat (solid metallic sphere)</div>
<div>
Inti (Core)- pemikiran tentang komposisi yang dikandung (besi dan nikel) adalah sangat spekulatif; didasarkan kajian</div>
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Meteorit (meteorites) secara spekulatif menggambarkan komposisi interior bumi.</div>
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Review of The Earth’s Layers</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Tektonik</i></span></div>
1. Teori tektonik lempeng (The theory of plate tectonics) merupakan perkembangan terakhir dari ilmu-ilmu geologi (geological sciences), yang mulai diterima komunitas ilmiah sejak awal 1960-an. <br />
2. Mula-mula, paradigma geologi didominasi oleh pandangan yang meyakini bahwa cekungan laut (ocean basins) dan massa daratan benua (continental land masses) adalah permanen dan tetap pada permukaan bumi.<br />
3. Teori tektonik lempeng saat ini mengenali bahwa posisi massa daratan adalah tidak tetap, namun bergerak pada permukaan bumi sepanjang sejarah geologi<br />
<br />
Cekungan laut/kerak samudra terbentuk dan terubah secara terus menerus melalui proses-proses tektonik<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Terminologi Tektonik</i></span></div>
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1. "Tectonics" = tektonik : istilah yang menunjuk pada deformasi kerak bumi</div>
<div>
2. "Plate" = lempeng : menunjuk pada pembagian dari kerak bumi dan litosfer (lithosphere) menjadi sejumlah blok yang padu secara tektonik (tectonically coherent blocks) </div>
<div>
3. "Plate Tectonics" = tektonik lempeng : menunjuk pada pembentukan dan migrasi dari lempeng-lempeng litosferik ini.</div>
<div>
Problem : rentang waktu dari gerak lempeng (plate motion) pada tingkatan 10 – 100 juta tahun</div>
<div>
Teori disimpulkan dari bukti-bukti yang terekam pada batuan-walaupun seringkali sukar untuk diinterpretasi dan kadangkala tidak meyakinkan (inconclusive).</div>
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<b>Tektonik lempeng</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i>INTERAKSI LEMPENG</i></span></div>
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<i>Prespektif Sejarah Geologi Struktur : </i></div>
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Berkembang pada bidang pertambangan dan kerja teknik geologi pada abad ke-19. Geologists menggunakan fault geometry dan throws untuk memprediksi dimana lokasi endapan ekonomi (economic deposits), seperti coal beds dan gold-bearing veins. Juga konstruksi jalan di Alps pada abad ke-19 memakai structural geology untuk memprediksi lokasi dari competent beds.</div>
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Sebelum tahun 1970, geologists melihat faults dan folds sebagai sesuatu yang dikaji secara terpisah. Namun, sejak 1970 konsep sistem sesar (fault systems) dan hubungan sesar-lipatan (fault-fold relationships). Canadian petroleum geologists menerapkan konsep sistem sesar untuk membuat balanced cross sections pada eksplorasi minyak dan studi tektonik. </div>
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Sekian pembahasan saya kali ini semoga bermanfaat ,,</div>
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untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan download slidenya <a href="http://adf.ly/UqnDt" target="_blank">disini</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-8511469805474215782013-07-28T21:26:00.000-07:002013-07-28T21:26:03.456-07:00Solusi Masalah “The Following Ink Has Run Out” printer<h1 class="entry-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia, 'Bitstream Charter', serif; font-size: 28px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 23px;">Pernahkah anda membaca peringatan tersebut, pada printer anda. Jika iya masalah yang anda alami sama seperti saya, waktu itu saya sedang menyelesaikan tugas kuliah saya yang mengaruskan saya untuk memprint file saya dalam jumlah banyak, namun ternyata pada saat penting inilah masalah ini baru muncul, pada saat saya sudah menekan enter untuk memulai proses print namun tiba-tiba ada peringatan yang muncul “the following ink has run out”. Ow damage, mengesalkan rasanya.</span></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4pSj4snplvZjYoBsWp9lDuZPHAeNl00omsaMZNQMGAxkckHlY6Ng0Ed_3r3Wh08jyeVakB8vu_lehlYuFlWbv5gMgH4xto-5eu58eNOq5KR0ZsocpERviksR6JQxXb69hThaDiGkIj1qa/s1600/run+out+cartridge+canon.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4pSj4snplvZjYoBsWp9lDuZPHAeNl00omsaMZNQMGAxkckHlY6Ng0Ed_3r3Wh08jyeVakB8vu_lehlYuFlWbv5gMgH4xto-5eu58eNOq5KR0ZsocpERviksR6JQxXb69hThaDiGkIj1qa/s1600/run+out+cartridge+canon.JPG" /></a></div>
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alhamdulilah terik dibawah ini berhasil saya coba pada printer canon saya mungkin bisa di gunakan pada semua tipe printer seperti canon,,</div>
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Begini langkanhya :</div>
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1. tekan dan tahan tombol resume (tombol yang nyalanya warna orange) selama 2 menitan, pada saat itu roller akan berputar dan ketika sudah berhenti dengan sendirinya tunggu beberapa detik untuk melepasnya.</div>
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2. Pada saat dilepas lampu orange akan berhenti berkedap-kedip dan hanya lampu hijau yang akan menyala, lalu bukalah cover printer anda.</div>
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3. Tunggu sampai catridge berpindah dan siap dilepas.</div>
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4. Lepas catridge, lalu perhatikan apakah bagian bawah catridge banjir/bocor jika iya maka bersihkanlah dengan kain yang lembut atau tisu.Setelah itu pasanglah kembali catridge.</div>
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5. Tutup cover printer dan pada saat lampu hijau sudah tidak berkedap-kedip lagi maka restarlah printer anda dan setelah itu printer siap digunakan kembali.</div>
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Selamat mencoba, Semoga berhasil.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-73112943890420430322013-07-25T21:23:00.001-07:002013-07-25T21:25:19.125-07:00Mengenai Lipatan (folding)<span style="color: red;">Lipatan adalah hasil perubahan bentuk atau volume dari suatu bahan yangditunjukkan sebagai lengkungan atau kumpulan dari lengkungan pada unsurgaris atau bidang didalam bahan tersebut. </span><br />
Pada umumnya unsur yang terlibat didalam lipatan adalah struktur bidang, misalnya bidang perlapisan atau foliasi.<br />
Lipatan merupakan gejala yang penting, yang mencerminkan sifat dari deformasi; terutama, gambaran geometrinya berhubungan dengan aspek perubahan bentuk(distorsi) dan perputaran (rotasi).<br />
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Lipatan terbentuk bilamana unsur yang telah ada sebelumnya terubah menjadi bentuk bidang lengkung atau garis lengkung.<br />
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<i>{Lipatan merupakan pencerminan dari suatu lengkungan yang mekanismenya disebabkan oleh dua proses, yaitu bending (melengkung) dan buckling (melipat). Pada gejala buckling, gaya yang bekerja sejajar dengan bidang perlapisan, sedangkan pada bending, gaya yang bekerja tegak lurus terhadap bidang permukaan lapisan. (Hill 1953)}</i><br />
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<span style="color: red;">Lipatan akibat bending, terjadi apabila gaya penyebabnya agak lurus terhadap bidang lapisan, sedangkan pada proses buckling, terjadi apabila gaya penyebabnya sejajar dengan bidang lapisan. </span></div>
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Selanjutnya dikemukakan pula bahwa pada proses buckling terjadi perubahan pola keterikan batuan, dimana pada bagian puncak lipatan antiklin, berkembang suatu rekahan yang disebabkan akibat adanya tegasan tensional (tarikan) sedangkan pada bagian bawah bidang lapisan terjadi tegasan kompresi yang menghasilkan Shear Joint. </div>
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<span style="color: red;"><i>Perlipatan adalah deformasi yangtak seragam (inhomogeneous) yang terjadi pada suatu bahan yang mengandungunsur garis atau bidang. </i></span>Walaupun demikian, suatu deformasi yangmenghasilkan lipatan pada suatu keadaan, tidak selalu demikian pada kondisiyang lain. </div>
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Suatu masa batuan yang tidak mempunyai unsur struktur garis ataubidang, tidak menunjukkan tanda perlipatan. Perlu juga dipertimbangkan bahwa,suatu unsur yang sebelumnya berbentuk lengkungan dapat berubah menjadibidang atau garis lurus, atau suatu unsur dapat tetap sebagai struktur bidang ataugaris lurus setelah terjadi deformasi.</div>
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Struktur lipatan di samping mempunyai ukuran yang bervariasi mulai dari yag terkecil (mikro fold) hingga berukuran regional(mega fold) juga memiliki bentuk yang bermacam-macam. </div>
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Adanya variasi ukuran dan bentuk tersebut tergantung pada sifat fisik batuan yang terlipat, sistem tegasan, dan mekanisme pembentukanya serta waktu serta besarnya gaya yang bekerja.</div>
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<span style="color: orange;">UNSUR GEOMETRI LIPATAN</span></div>
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1. Plunge, sudut yang terbentuk oleh poros dengan horizontal pada bidang vertikal.</div>
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2. Core, bagian dari suatu lipatan yang letaknya disekitar sumbu lipatan. </div>
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3. Crest, daerah tertinggi dari suatu lipatan biasanya selalu dijumpai pada antiklin</div>
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4. Limb (sayap), bagian dari lipatan yang terletak Downdip (sayap yang dimulai dari lengkungan maksimum antiklin sampai hinge sinklin), atau Updip (sayap yang dimulai dari lengkungan maksimum sinklin sampai hinge antiklin). Sayap lipatan dapat berupa bidang datar (planar), melengkung (curve), atau bergelombang (wave).</div>
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5. Fore Limb, sayap yang curam pada lipatan yang simetri.</div>
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6. Back Limb, sayap yang landai.</div>
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7. Hinge Point, titik yang merupakan kelengkungan maksimum pada suatu perlipatan.</div>
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8. Hinge Line, garis yang menghubungkan Hinge Point pada suatu perlapisan yang sama.</div>
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9. Hinge Zone, daerah sekitar Hinge Point.</div>
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10. Inflection point, merupakan titik balik dari suatu lengkungan pada sayap lipatan atau pertengahan antara dua perlengkungan maksimum</div>
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13. Trough, daerah terendah pada suatu lipatan, selalu <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>dijumpai pada sinklin.</div>
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14. Axial Line, garis khayal yang menghubungkan titik-titik dari lengkungan maksimum pada tiap permukaan lapisan dari suatu struktur lapisan.</div>
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15. Axial Plane, bidang sumbu lipatan yang membagi sudut sama besar antara sayap-sayap lipatannya.</div>
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16. Half - Wavelength, jarak antara dua titik inflection (inflection points).</div>
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<span style="color: orange;">UNSUR GEOMETRI LIPATAN</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;">KLASIFIKASI LIPATAN</span></div>
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Klasifikasi lipatan berdasarkan unsur geometri, antara lain:</div>
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1. Upright Fold atau Simetrical Fold (lipatan tegak atau lipatan setangkup).</div>
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2. Asimetrical Fold (lipatan tak setangkup atau lipatan tak simetri)</div>
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3. Inclined Fold atau Over Fold (lipatan miring atau lipatan menggantung).</div>
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4. Recumbent Fold (lipatan rebah)</div>
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<span style="color: red;">Klasifikasi lipatan</span></div>
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<i><span style="color: orange;">ANTIKLIN DAN SINKLIN</span></i></div>
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<span style="color: red;">Anticline :</span> <i></i><br />
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<i>Lipatan dengan batuan tertua pada “core” suatu lipatan (i.e., pada sisi cekung).</i></div>
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<span style="color: red;">Syncline :</span> <i></i><br />
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<i>Suatu lipatan dengan batuan termuda pada core suatu lipatan.</i></div>
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<span style="color: orange;">Catatan: Pada kondisi normal, suatu daerah yang terlipat, anticlines biasanya berbentuk antiformal, dan synclines berbentuk synformal.</span><span style="color: lime;"> </span></div>
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Bisa saja jika daerah terlipat lagi membentuk (tidak umum) :</div>
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Antiformal syncline</div>
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Synformal anticline</div>
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<span style="color: orange;">Klasifikasi lipatan berdasarkan bentuknya, antara lain:</span></div>
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1. Concentric Fold : (lipatan konsentris/lipatan paralel) adalah sebutan untuk perlapisan dimana jarak-jarak (tebal) tiap lapisan yang terlipat tetap sama.</div>
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2. Similar Fold. : sebutan untuk perlipatan dimana lapisan-lapisan yang terlipat/dilipat dengan bentuk-bentuk yang sama sampai ke dalam. Antiklin maupun sinklin ukurannya tidak banyak berubah ke dalam maupun ke atas.</div>
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3. Chevron Fold. : lipatan menyudut atau sendinya tajam dan menyudut. Dalam hal ini, sayap lipatannya merupakan bidang planar.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ygvy2CVo6ETfGXBHgqYHaWs7jlQ8aNkl2EXnlNm6PvGIQZn23Qh_o-CGX61Tb9BHsFi7SprP1XAcVakqq3ut8nyUynLJYOSTVVZyO2-B4GPyZBSmDqYrod3i60E7DpCuv7GEB8559Gtz/s452/Clip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Ygvy2CVo6ETfGXBHgqYHaWs7jlQ8aNkl2EXnlNm6PvGIQZn23Qh_o-CGX61Tb9BHsFi7SprP1XAcVakqq3ut8nyUynLJYOSTVVZyO2-B4GPyZBSmDqYrod3i60E7DpCuv7GEB8559Gtz/s320/Clip.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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4. Isoclinal Fold. : lipatan dimana kedudukan bidang sumbunya sejajar atau relatif sejajar dan kedua sayapnya sejajar atau hampir sejajar.</div>
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5. Box Fold : lipatan dimana bagian puncaknya relatif rata atau datar</div>
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6. Kink Fold : lipatan bersudut tajam yang dibatasi oleh permukaan planar</div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"> </span><span style="color: red; text-align: center;">Box fold dan kink fold</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCNot9DS-DvQwB-ct4jdNt-UmM1QzG1sZ6LwvfJ-7Bflnc3PN7L0qosiDbCSbVBmK6NRuqTYy4bEVJKMk40tHC_fWKxWoqLro1wuRhph04wNbt68woz28yCQRl_Jrqlw5JyxIJ33RoU6_h/s352/Clip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCNot9DS-DvQwB-ct4jdNt-UmM1QzG1sZ6LwvfJ-7Bflnc3PN7L0qosiDbCSbVBmK6NRuqTYy4bEVJKMk40tHC_fWKxWoqLro1wuRhph04wNbt68woz28yCQRl_Jrqlw5JyxIJ33RoU6_h/s200/Clip.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPDeIn-TK8UYGdb5ox1Hb_fzydbW4yxDGHAAtX1iOk06xB6C5Ua8izpCD0HmkNjoKKa72x0wYyFs4YXc3Axx74ixnJoMkrOmLb0W3vjuGRP3at9TkRyjOlctAV2Ky-5Pbdi95sOaSGg0P/s458/Clip_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVPDeIn-TK8UYGdb5ox1Hb_fzydbW4yxDGHAAtX1iOk06xB6C5Ua8izpCD0HmkNjoKKa72x0wYyFs4YXc3Axx74ixnJoMkrOmLb0W3vjuGRP3at9TkRyjOlctAV2Ky-5Pbdi95sOaSGg0P/s200/Clip_2.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: orange;">LIPATAN LAINNYA</span></i></div>
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<i>*Dome</i></div>
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<i>Upwarped displacement of rocks</i></div>
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<i>Circular or slightly elongated structure</i></div>
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<i>Oldest rocks in center, younger rocks on the flanks<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></i></div>
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<i>*Basin</i></div>
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<i>Circular or slightly elongated structure</i></div>
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<i>Downwarped displacement of rocks</i></div>
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<i>Youngest rocks are found near the center, oldest rocks on the flanks</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GJPo45eg9X6tTP2yMs2CKIJmA74Jpn-v4jKR-GX2cTz5i77zBehntTUDDZka9sLPOsJxFEOkIrBqFGNkKGdwe3Tvm0GHYeuYmw0JcX4Qw27j7TXji3ooldIJTxqHrVIAHu8ei-7-pVDQ/s854/Clip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GJPo45eg9X6tTP2yMs2CKIJmA74Jpn-v4jKR-GX2cTz5i77zBehntTUDDZka9sLPOsJxFEOkIrBqFGNkKGdwe3Tvm0GHYeuYmw0JcX4Qw27j7TXji3ooldIJTxqHrVIAHu8ei-7-pVDQ/s400/Clip.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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sekian pembahasan saya kali ini mengenai lipatan atau folding semoga bermanfaat</div>
jika ingin mendownload filenya kliik <a href="http://adf.ly/RPB0Z" target="_blank">disini</a><br />
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salam damaiku..<br />
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<h2>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-71823027045864134502013-05-23T06:26:00.003-07:002013-05-23T06:28:37.523-07:00cara menyeting garis pinggir ms word 2010<br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Bagi para agan yang bingung dalam menyetting word 2010, khususnya dalam menampilkan garis pinggir,disini saya mau share dari pengalaman saya yang dulu juga kebingungan seperti agan-agan yang mungkin juga lagi bingung <img alt=":D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif?m=1129645325g" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Selain itu, kadang ada juga yang masih bingung dalam mengganti ukuran yang ada di word 2010 karena secara default ukuran kertas pada word 2010 menggunakan inchi, sedangkan di Negara Indonesia kebuanyakan ukuran menggunakan cm.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Oke, langsung aja ya, pertama buka Ms Word pasti akan tampak seperti dibawah ini:</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_248" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; width: 310px;">
<a href="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/a2.jpg" style="border: none; color: #265e15; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="sak_ngertiku" class="size-medium wp-image-248" height="202" src="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/a2.jpg?w=300&h=202" style="background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/mistylook/img/shadow.gif); background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="A" width="300" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
sak_ngertiku</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
Dan bila kita buka<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Page Setup</strong> maka akan leluar penampakan seperti berikut:</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_251" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; width: 310px;">
<a href="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/aa.jpg" style="border: none; color: #265e15; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-251" height="108" src="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/aa.jpg?w=300&h=108" style="background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/mistylook/img/shadow.gif); background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="AA" width="300" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
sak_ngeriku</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Ukuran margin pada gambar diatas masih membingungkan karena masih menggunakan ukuran Inchies, terus, gimana cara menampilkannya? Oke stay cool aja, langsung :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Klik <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">File </strong>dibagian paling kiri atas lalu pilih <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">option</strong>, jangan pilih<br />
<del style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">info</del> ya <img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif?m=1129645325g" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" /> , maka akan keluar gambar seperti dibawah:</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_252" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; width: 130px;">
<a href="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/b2.jpg" style="border: none; color: #265e15; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-252" src="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/b2.jpg?w=500" style="background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/mistylook/img/shadow.gif); background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; width: auto;" title="B" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
sak_ngertiku</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
Setelah itu , langsung pilih<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Advance</strong> maka akan keluar seperti pada penampakan dibawah:</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_253" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; width: 385px;">
<a href="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/c3.jpg" style="border: none; color: #265e15; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-253" height="167" src="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/c3.jpg?w=375&h=167" style="background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/mistylook/img/shadow.gif); background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="C" width="375" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
sak_ngertiku</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
Untuk menampilkan garis pasak , Silakan scroll kebagian <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Show document content</strong> dan langsung centang pada pilihan: <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Show text boundaries</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
Untuk menngganti ukuran dari inchi ke sentimeter tetap pada pilihan <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Advance </strong>langsung menuju ke menu bawahnya yaitu:</div>
<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_254" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px 0px 0px; text-align: center; width: 340px;">
<a href="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/d1.jpg" style="border: none; color: #265e15; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-254" height="213" src="http://ngertiku.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/d1.jpg?w=330&h=213" style="background-image: url(http://s1.wp.com/wp-content/themes/pub/mistylook/img/shadow.gif); background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: 0px none; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" title="D" width="330" /></a><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; padding: 0px 4px 5px;">
sak_ngertiku</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
Scroll ke bagian Display setelah itu lihat ke <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Style ar<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">e</span>a pane width in Draft and Outline views </strong>silakan ganti dari <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Inches </strong>ke <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Centimeters</strong>. Lalu klik <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ok</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.453125px; margin-bottom: 0.7em; margin-top: 0.7em; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">oke sekian pembahasannya semoga bermanfaat,,,</strong></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-25801401420348436222013-05-16T07:47:00.000-07:002013-05-16T07:48:39.734-07:00Semua mengenai Bio Diesel<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #009900; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">BIODIESEL SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF</span></span><span style="color: #009900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mj-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #009900; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #009900; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltpukjGXXxkWC4ZAk7Xvtn-v5FfiezXqG2W0K5QXhgAkikJku7JvdnTgcqRYy55VTFaESNfwYxAVT-hqXqfPKsa99CwEmczsPDGnApCZD_-6TEfK4bAiE6mQ-VS9vHqurTVSqeY2T8I9W/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltpukjGXXxkWC4ZAk7Xvtn-v5FfiezXqG2W0K5QXhgAkikJku7JvdnTgcqRYy55VTFaESNfwYxAVT-hqXqfPKsa99CwEmczsPDGnApCZD_-6TEfK4bAiE6mQ-VS9vHqurTVSqeY2T8I9W/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Biodiesel is a methyl ester of fatty acids from vegetable and/or animal oils by reaction of </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">transesterification</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Biodiesel </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">senyawa</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> methyl ester fatty acid </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">tumbuhan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">/</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">hewan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> proses </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">transesterification</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Latar belakang dibuatnya biodiesel</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 21pt; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 65%; mso-special-format: bullet;">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;">sederhana</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 93%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">Prosesnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">melibatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">suhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">rendah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">proses </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dikuasai</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">akademisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">negeri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">manufakturing</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">konstruksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dikuasai</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">perusahaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.36in;">negeri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Proses </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">reaksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">public domain</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Produk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">biodiesel yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">keunggulan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">berpeluang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">dikembangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">komersial</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Harga</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> BBM </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">naik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">produk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">biodiesel </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">makin</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">kompetitif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Berlakunya</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">peraturan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">internasional</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">membuka</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">pasar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">nasional</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">maupun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">internasional</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> Baku </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">melimpah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Indonesia kaya </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.37in;">hayati</span></div>
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<span style="color: #009900; font-family: Garamond; font-weight: bold;">KEUNGGULAN BIODIESEL</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Renewable energy resource (non fossil)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Ramah </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">baku</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">sulfur</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">q</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">Emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">COx</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;"> particulate Matter) </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.36in;">rendah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Cetane</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">number </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">tinggi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Viskositas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">sifat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">pelumasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">baik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">perlu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">modifikasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">mesin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">perlu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">infrastruktur</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">baru</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Biodiesel ???</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: 12px;"><b><i>proses biodiesel</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="color: #444444;"> H O H O</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">H - C - O - C - R H - C - OH CH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - O - C - R</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> O </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">O</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">H - C - O - C - R’ + 3 CH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">OH H - C - OH + CH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - O - C - R’ </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> O </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">O</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">H - C - O - C - R’’ </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">+ Catalyst </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> H - C - OH CH</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">3</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> - O - C - R’’</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #fce5cd;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> H </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">H</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Triglyceride (Fat) + 3 Methanol </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Glycerine</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> + 3 Methyl ester</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"> ( Biodiesel )</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #009900; font-family: Garamond; font-weight: bold;">STATUS BIODIESEL DI DUNIA</span><span style="color: #009900; font-family: Garamond; font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Garamond;">USA</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Bio diesel B-20 </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">komersial</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff3300; font-family: Garamond;">EUROPEAN UNION : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">EN=European Normalization </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">EN228 </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">mengijinkan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">biodiesel </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">dicampur</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">sampai</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> 5% volume.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">EN590 </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">mengijinkan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">solardicampur</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">sampai</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> 5% volume.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">pengembangan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">berikutnya</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">, </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">versi</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">EN228 </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">EN590 </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">mengijinkan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">persentase</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;">campuran</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">besar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><b><span style="color: #999999;">Skema proses biodiesel</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Garamond;"><b><span style="color: #999999;"><br /></span></b></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCFiG3FnD6RZJdUh-zGbQKuWlCePy1Wec66KuSqFrGOuDr3IRLe3AxJYCGpSm6gO81RcKzsjC_JbCTjt-ijjLKR2mza2bUSOeeVIO-o4SduJncplVr4SYBqDtkhs989aCxqt1-bALtsjK8/s1600/BiodieselProcess.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCFiG3FnD6RZJdUh-zGbQKuWlCePy1Wec66KuSqFrGOuDr3IRLe3AxJYCGpSm6gO81RcKzsjC_JbCTjt-ijjLKR2mza2bUSOeeVIO-o4SduJncplVr4SYBqDtkhs989aCxqt1-bALtsjK8/s400/BiodieselProcess.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 21.0pt;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 65%; mso-special-format: bullet;">n</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Terbukanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pasar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bakar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alternatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> biodiesel </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengembangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">proses </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> plant engineering biodiesel </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menarik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">komersial</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Roadmap biodiesel </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nasional</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> : 720.000 KL biodiesel di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2009 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">membutuhkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 8 - 25 unit </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kapasitas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 30.000 – 100.000 ton/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tantangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">: </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mendesign</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memproduksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pabrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">skala</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">komersial</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kompetitif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Perlu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diterbitkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">segera</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kebijakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tata</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">niaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> biodiesel yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menarik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bagi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> investor </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengguna</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">biodiesel</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Sekian pembahasan saya kali ini mengenai biodiesel ,, semoga bermanfaat</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">jika ingin mendownload filenya klik <a href="http://adf.ly/P7s4O" target="_blank">disini</a></span><br />
<br />
salam DAMAIKU .....</div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial;">Sumber referensi :</span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 65%; mso-special-format: bullet;">n</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Soerawidjaja, T. H. dan A. Tahar</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">(2003) “Menggagas Kebijakan Pengembangan Biodiesel di Indonesia” </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">Proseding Seminar Peluang Bisnis Industri Hilir Kelapa Sawit, Serpong</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.37in;">hal 1-16</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dr.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Ir. Robert </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Manurung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, “</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jarak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pagar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Alami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (Straight </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jatropha</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Oil), </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bakar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengganti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Solar </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pembangkit</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tenaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">”, Seminar </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pemanfaatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bakar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Arah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pembangkit</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Depan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di Indonesia, 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dr.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> David </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Allorerung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, “</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Potensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Hambatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengembangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jarak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pagar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Baku Biodiesel”, Round Table Discussion </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tentang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Biodiesel, LRPI, 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">Legowo, E. H. (2005) ’Present Status of Biomass Development in Indonesia’ </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Biomass Asia 2005 - Tokyo</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">, Januari 2005, [Online] Available at </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/en/index.html">http://unit.aist.go.jp/internat/biomassws/en/index.html</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;"> (Accessed date : 20 February 2005)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #cc9900; font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Muhammad </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Zambani</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, “</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengalaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pengembangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jarak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pagar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di Nusa Tenggara </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Timur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">”, Round Table Discussion </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tentang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Biodiesel, LRPI, 2005</span></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-41433748908614706682013-05-11T22:16:00.002-07:002013-05-11T22:17:07.637-07:00Batuan Piroklastik<br />
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersusun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">erupsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">eksplosif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Williams, Turner, Gilbert, 1954</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rombakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diletuskan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lubang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diangkut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">awan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pijar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diendapkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kering</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tubuh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Henrich</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, 1959</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">volkaniklastik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fisher, 1961 & Vide </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Carozi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, 1975</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> material detrital/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rombakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kegiatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditransport</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diendapkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">danau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">darat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ataupun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Johannsen</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, 1977</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span><br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Macam-macam</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pyroclastic
fall deposit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pyroclastic
flow deposit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pyroclastic
surge deposit</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Jatuhan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Piroklastik</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Sebaran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">mengikuti</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">topografi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">butiran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">menghalus</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">menipis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">menjauhi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">pusat</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">erupsi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
:graded bedding normal </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
reverse</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: pumice, scoria, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">abu</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">/</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">debu</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">sedikit</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">lapili</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Macam-macam</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: scoria-fall deposit, pumice-fall deposit, ash-fall deposit</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Piroklastik</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">debu</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">balok</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">/</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">blok</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Terdiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">vesikuler</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">debu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Sorting </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">buruk</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">; </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">butiran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">menyudut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Sebaran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">merata</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">; </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">menebal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> di </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">lembah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Seringkali</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">berasosiasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> lava </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">riolitik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dasitik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">andesitik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
scoria</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Didominasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> scoria</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">andesitik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">basaltik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
pumice</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dasitik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">riolitik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">blok</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">pecahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">gelas</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">bertekstur</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 80%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> pumice</span></div>
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<div style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: x-large;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: orange; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: x-large;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">3. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Endapan</span><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">
Surge</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
base surge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berasosiasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">dengan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">jatuhan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
ground surge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berasosiasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">dengan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">piroklastik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
ash-clouds surge</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Biasanya</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> di </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">bagian</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atas</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">endapan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">aliran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">piroklastik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">BATUAN
PIROKLASTIK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">letusan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">gunungapi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Terdiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
material </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">piroklas</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Pecahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">gelas</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">litik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">/</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">volkanik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">butiran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">debu</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (< 2mm), </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (2 – 64 mm), </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">blok</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">bom</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (> 64mm) </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">(</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Schmid</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
1981 ; Fisher,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">1984) </span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Batuan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Epiklastik</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: large; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">rombakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Terdiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
material </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">rombakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">)
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
material non</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: restrictions; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">FRAGMEN
PIROKLASTIK DAN ENDAPAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">piroklastik</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">piroklas</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">) : </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">berasal</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">erupsi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">gunungapi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">langsung</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">proses </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">gunung api</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Macam</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">piroklas</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">terjadinya :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">juvenile
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">pyroclasts</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> :
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">letusan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">membeku</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dipermukaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">gelas</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">, </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">pirojenik</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">cognate
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">pyroclasts</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">erupsi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">terdahulu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">gunungapi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sama</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">accidental
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">pyroclasts</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-weight: bold;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berasal</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> basement
(</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">komposisi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berbeda</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Klasifikasi</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">Dasar</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">ukuran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">butiran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">Penamaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">tuf</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">tuf</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">aglomerat</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">breksi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">piroklastik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">breksi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">volkanik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">berbutir</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">halus</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
(<4mm) : </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">tuf</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">gelas</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">tuf</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">tuf</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;">litik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifEZkYZnrfZsPNyYSf3S9rhUJavf8m_MOMWHNa-WmNaiGc8omkPdjukxJXYx1yR6urmQ0bS5oDCSc31JNA81d1bUIi1WCsP7srCz_hzi_BFcI2v4gCJlavTsAUwUu0zkix-zp16jclR8wj/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifEZkYZnrfZsPNyYSf3S9rhUJavf8m_MOMWHNa-WmNaiGc8omkPdjukxJXYx1yR6urmQ0bS5oDCSc31JNA81d1bUIi1WCsP7srCz_hzi_BFcI2v4gCJlavTsAUwUu0zkix-zp16jclR8wj/s640/Picture3.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Hal
– </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">hal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">perlu</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">dideskripsi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">piroklastik</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Warna</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">deskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">warna</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">representatif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Besar</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">butir</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">deskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">besar</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">butir</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">/</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">ukuran</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">klast</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">piroklastik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Komponen</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">deskripsikan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">komponen</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">piroklastik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
Kristal, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">fragmen</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">kristal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Fragmen</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">litik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
non </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">volkanik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">polimik</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">monomik</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
Pumice </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
scoria</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
Shards, </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">lapili</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">akresionari</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">vitriklas</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
Semen : </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">siliseous</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">,
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">karbonat</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">zeolit</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Litofasies</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
:</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Masif</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
(</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">)
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">berlapis</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> -
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Laminasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: < 1cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">sangat</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
tipis : 1 – 3cm</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
tipis : 3 – 10cm</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">sedang</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: 10 – 30cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">tebal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: 30 -100cm</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: .38in; margin-top: 4.32pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">Berlapis</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">sangat</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">tebal</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
: > 100cm</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">- Masif (tidak bergradasi) atau bergradasi :</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>normal ; reverse ; normal-reverse ; reverse-normal</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Kemas : clast-supported atau matrix-supported, </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span> terpilah baik, terpilah sedang, terpilah buruk</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Kekar : blocky, prismatik, columnar, platy</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Ketebalan lateral rata atau tidak rata</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Secara lateral menerus atau tidak menerus</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Cross-bedded, cross-laminated</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;">Alterasi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Mineralogi : klorit, serisit, silika, pirit, karbonat, feldspar, hematit</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>- Distribusi </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">Beberapa
peristilahan</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Lahar
:</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Endapan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">aliran</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">piroklastik</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> media air (di </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">sungai</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">akibat</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> air </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">hujan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dll</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Sortasi</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">buruk</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Berhubungan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">langsung</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">erupsi</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">langsung</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">maupun</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">tidak</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">langsung</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">l</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">Sama</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">sekali</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">tidak</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">ada</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">kaitannya</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">erupsi</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">gunungapi</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">; </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">mobilitas</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">endapan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">tefra</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">pada</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">lereng</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">tak</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">stabil</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">), </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">contoh</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> : </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">akibat</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;">gempa</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.31in;"> bumi</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ø</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Epiklastik</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">/</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">epiclast</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
: material </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">rombakan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">terdahulu</span></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span><br />
<div>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Batuan epiklastik : batuan yang terdiri dari material hasil rombakan batuan terdahulu (termasuk batuan volkanik), contoh : batupasir volkanik</span></span></span></div>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span>
<div>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Batuan piroklastik : </span></span></span></div>
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Piroklas : pecahan hasil letusan gunungapi</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Definisi : batuan terdiri dari piroklas</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Contoh : tuf, breksi piroklastik</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"> Batuan sedimen tufan</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Batuan sedimen yang mengandung campuran piroklas</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Contoh : batupasir tufan (butiran pasir mencapai 90%, pecahan gelas 10%)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Tuf pasiran : </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Batuan piroklastik yang mengandung campuran epiklas</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Contoh : material piroklas mencapai 90%, material pasir hasil rombakan batuan terdahulu mencapai 10%</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">Batuan volkaniklastik : batuan terdiri dari material volkanik; kemungkinan material volkanik hasil rombakan (epiklas), hasil letusan langsung (piroklas)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">sekian pembahasan kali ini semoga bermanfaat</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">salam Damaiku...</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 14px;">jika ingin mendownload filenya klik <a href="http://adf.ly/OsbH9">disini</a> </span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 90%;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS';">
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-14792805757890443442013-05-01T21:41:00.000-07:002013-05-01T21:41:00.380-07:00Minyak bumi<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Definisi</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Minyak</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Bumi</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-weight: bold;">Minyak</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-weight: bold;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">dalam bahasaInggris</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">: </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;">petroleum</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">,</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">yang berasal dari </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">petro= batu dan </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">oleum= minyak </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">atau</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">dijuluki</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">juga</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;">emas</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;"></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;">hitam</span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;">, </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">adalah</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">cairan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">kental</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">coklat</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">gelap</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">atau</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">kehijauan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">yang </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">mudah</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">terbakar</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">, yang </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">berada</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> di </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">lapisan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">atas</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">dari</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">beberapa</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">area di </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;">kerak</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-style: italic;">Bumi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC; font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">WHAT IS CRUDE OIL ???</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit2wQn5XyTP0kurY7tntWUjyRVj8waRBNKp4_VQdjf5-TvgSSE_c_G-9-A5-u0CZKVHktNbgvbeR3gdpqUuN6rvP1HZYe0Vs7Xv7YjUZLk_f1I-87coqKUOybWgaTmd5l7OymulerTcfc/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit2wQn5XyTP0kurY7tntWUjyRVj8waRBNKp4_VQdjf5-TvgSSE_c_G-9-A5-u0CZKVHktNbgvbeR3gdpqUuN6rvP1HZYe0Vs7Xv7YjUZLk_f1I-87coqKUOybWgaTmd5l7OymulerTcfc/s1600/Picture1.png" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-special-format: bullet;">•</span></span><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Crude oil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didefinisikan </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">sebagai minyak mentah atau </span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">"unprocesse</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">d" oil, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang dikeluarkan dari dalam tanah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-special-format: bullet;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Crude oil </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">termasuk kedalam </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial;">jenis bahan bakar fossil</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang berarti secara alamiah terbentuk dari proses pembusukan </span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tanaman dan hewan yang hidup berjuta tahun yang lalu di dasar laut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Crude oil </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">beragam dalam </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">warna dan kekentalan </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mulai dari agak jernih sampai ke hitaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mulai dari encer sampai kental </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Crude oils </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah senyawa penting untuk </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">dikonversi menjadi beberapa senyawa lain </span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;">kar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ena </span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial;">kandungan hidrokarbonnya cukup tinggi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: AngsanaUPC;"><b>Jenis-jenis Crude Oil</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: AngsanaUPC;"><b>Sejarah dan perkembangan minyak bumi</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">1. Bangsa Sumeria menggunakan crude oil sebagai perekat</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">2. Bangsa Mesir menggunakan crude oil sebagai adukan semen </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dalam</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> piramid</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">3. Marcopolo menemukan sumber minyak mentah di pesisir Laut Kaspia</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">4. Instalasi dan pengoperasian Sumur Minyak </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: id; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Pennsylvania</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">5. Samuel Kier menkonversi minyak mentah menjadi minyak tanah untuk penerangan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #775f55; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #775f55; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sejarah pembentukan Minyak Bumi</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Ditinjau dari sisi mahluk hidup pembentuk menurut Teori Darwin :</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #775f55; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">Waktu</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">Pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">Minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">Bumi</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #dd8047; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">¨</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">Para </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">geologis</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">umumnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">sependapat</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">bahwa</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">selama</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">jutaan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">berukuran</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> di </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">lautan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">purba</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">.</span><br />
<span style="color: #dd8047; font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">¨</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">Bebatuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tertua</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">diketahui</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">berumur</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> 600-juta </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">. Yang paling </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">muda</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">berumur</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">sekitar</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">1-juta </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">. </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">Secara</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">umum</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">bebatuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">dimana</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">diketemukan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">berumur</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">antara</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">10-juta </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">270-juta </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.35in;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">Teori</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">terbagi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;">Teori</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;">Anorganik</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;"> (</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;">Abiogenesis</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">) </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; text-indent: -0.28in;">}</span><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">Menurut</span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">Barthelot</span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;"> (1866)</span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span></u><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bahwa</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">didalam</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">minyak</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bumi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">terdapat</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">logam</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> alkali, yang </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">dalam</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">keadaan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bebas</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">dalam</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">temperatur</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">tinggi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">danakan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bersentuhan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> denganCO</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> yang </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">asitilena</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">.</span><br />
<span style="color: #2da2bf; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; text-indent: -0.28in;">}</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">Dmitri </span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;">Ivanovick</span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-weight: bold;"> Mendeleev</span></u><u style="text-indent: -0.28in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span></u><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">mengemukakan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bahwa</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">minyak</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bumi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">terbentuk</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">akibat</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">besi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">karbida</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">di</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">dalam</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bumi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">bereaksi</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">dengan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> air </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">dan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">menghasilkan</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;"> gas </span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">asitilena</span><span style="color: #105766; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; text-indent: -0.28in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">2.Teori </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">Organik</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">(Biogenesis)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">Berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">teori</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"> Biogenesis, </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">adanya</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">kebocoran</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; text-indent: -0.3in;">permanen</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Garamond;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">siklus</span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"></span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">karbon</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';">Proses </span><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';">Pembentukan</span><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';"> </span><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';">Minyak</span><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';"> </span><span style="color: #7c5d50; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT';">Bumi</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">Ada </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tiga</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">utama</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ada</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> “</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bebatuan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">asal</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">” (source rock)</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">geologis</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">memungkinkan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadinya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">Adanya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">perpindahan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> (</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">migrasi</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">) </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">hidrokarbon</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">dari</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">bebatuan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">asal</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">menuju</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">ke</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> “</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">bebatuan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> reservoir” (reservoir rock),</span></u><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">umumnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">sandstone </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">limestone yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">berpori-pori</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">(porous) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">ukurannya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">cukup</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">menampung</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">hidrokarbon</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">3. </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">Adanya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">jebakan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> (entrapment) </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">geologis</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">. </span></u><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">geologis</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">kulit</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">teratur</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bentuknya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">pergerakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">misalnya</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">gempa</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">erupsi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">gunung</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">api</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">) </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">erosi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> air </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">angin</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">terus</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">menerus</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">menciptakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> “</span><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">ruangan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">” </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">bawah</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">tanah</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> yang </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">menjadi</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">jebakan</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">hidrokarbon</span></u><u style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; font-weight: bold;">. </span></u><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">Kalau</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">jebakan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dilingkupi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> yang impermeable, </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">maka</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">hidrokarbon</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">akan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">diam</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> di </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">bergerak</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">kemana-mana</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">lagi</span><span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Tw Cen MT'; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.35in;"><br /></span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Proses pembentukan Minyak Bumi</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuAak0ArQM-HyHZEwKM7qhwqY7CdmuK6Ul5lkmZqNVao08sD2UmubTMc4EgDNSgYaR7HJd26zaYBzr13kT1EY2DUoYZhXEox_QCI21DAa41sW67h_KyZ8eQugnmDUisdbSF0uiT8RH6F4/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuAak0ArQM-HyHZEwKM7qhwqY7CdmuK6Ul5lkmZqNVao08sD2UmubTMc4EgDNSgYaR7HJd26zaYBzr13kT1EY2DUoYZhXEox_QCI21DAa41sW67h_KyZ8eQugnmDUisdbSF0uiT8RH6F4/s200/Picture3.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jYP6yyabHzFjYQg1CqF_HKuqrZvQI2G2zt1QvznISFGw_2_z1I3vvK_WISPZ3tmeihBDjTepVLgsZQn-rghV6rtA-7zhweVirlok3ZidWucDzl7G1ubpoBeBumg8Ft_xVJCCBrxGTdg/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4jYP6yyabHzFjYQg1CqF_HKuqrZvQI2G2zt1QvznISFGw_2_z1I3vvK_WISPZ3tmeihBDjTepVLgsZQn-rghV6rtA-7zhweVirlok3ZidWucDzl7G1ubpoBeBumg8Ft_xVJCCBrxGTdg/s400/Picture2.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> step1 step2 step3</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wWi1dq3UgWOhGtIp5h8BcefEzobkkJJwEd9ctpiH94kLfl7gPT4P4IB8Myu_QLANZj69_oqi6yHvckGDT6hpunqfvq6xfFy2K6umurhyVbQfhtXvG7YQ10DrJ8j-00gXU0Dr-5cg2KM/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0wWi1dq3UgWOhGtIp5h8BcefEzobkkJJwEd9ctpiH94kLfl7gPT4P4IB8Myu_QLANZj69_oqi6yHvckGDT6hpunqfvq6xfFy2K6umurhyVbQfhtXvG7YQ10DrJ8j-00gXU0Dr-5cg2KM/s400/Picture4.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Sejarah dan perkembangan minyak bumi </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">di Indonesia</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 28pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Tahun</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> 1885 : </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Pengeboran</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">sumur</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">minyak</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">pertama</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> di Indonesia</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pertama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Telaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tunggal No. 1, yang di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bulan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Juni</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1885. Perusahaan yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dibentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengambil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengolah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dinamakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Royal Dutch </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Shell Group.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Awal</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> Abad 19 : Shell, Caltex </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">dan</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Stanvac</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">beroperasi</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> di Indonesia</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">awal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">abad</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 19 Shell </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">produsen</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beroperasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kepulauan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Indonesia yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">saat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Netherlands East Indies. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Perang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dunia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> II, Caltex </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Stanvac</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mulai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beroperasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1940 Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">negara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penghasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbesar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kawasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Timur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jauh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebesar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">63 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">juta</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">barrel per </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Zaman</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">pendudukan</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Jepang</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendudukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jepang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">operasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengolahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penambangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bawah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">supervisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Komandan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Militer</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Regional </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jepang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Selama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendudukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jepang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berhasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menemukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ladang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di Minas. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengelola</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">industri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pihak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jepang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mendirikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekolah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melatih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tenaga-tenaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lokal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ladang-ladang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Zaman</span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span></u><u><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: red; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Kemerdekaan</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Setelah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merdeka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">negara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berdaulat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">industri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perminyakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perjuangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panjang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Shell, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Stanvac</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Caltex </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pihak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">explorasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ekploitasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di Indonesia, yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lambat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">laun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lepaskan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sepenuhnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kepada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pihak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Indonesia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekian pembahasan posting saya mengenai minyak bumi kali ini semoga bermanfaat banyak </span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.3in;">untuk para pembaca ,,,, salam damiku..</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-49761314561961393462013-04-22T07:19:00.002-07:002013-04-22T07:20:10.891-07:00Mengenai emas<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Emas merupakan logam yang bersifat
lunak dan mudah ditempa, kekerasannya berkisar antara 2,5 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">-3
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">(skala
Mohs),massa jenisnya 19,3 gr/cm</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tsw3KRu7c4FoFLpcRhEniuLMh6izEPQIpf9tUF1XFsy2zCyW8E8V8dCClKbmwjWHtr8aFsQt9GdWUn87KY2E2jpfrJ5lcArZ0U1jUPIHnpl9JIq3k_QbnI0pgXTM2oNTeAQvx_fs5ZaZ/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3tsw3KRu7c4FoFLpcRhEniuLMh6izEPQIpf9tUF1XFsy2zCyW8E8V8dCClKbmwjWHtr8aFsQt9GdWUn87KY2E2jpfrJ5lcArZ0U1jUPIHnpl9JIq3k_QbnI0pgXTM2oNTeAQvx_fs5ZaZ/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Warnanya kuning
emas,kekerasaanya rendah sehingga dapat dipotong dengan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">pisau
dan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">mudah
diubah bentuknya. Bentuknya di alam tidakteratur, ukuran butirnya bervariasi
tetapi sering kalimikroskopis dan bahkan sukar dilihat (Munir, 1996)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Mineral pembawa emas biasanya
berpadu dengan mineralikutan (gangue minerals). Mineral ikutan tersebut
umumnyakuarsa, karbonat, turmalin, flourpar, dan sejumlah kecilmineral
nonlogam. Mineral pembawa emas jugaberpadudengan endapan sulfida
yang telah teroksidasi.Mineral pembawa emas terdiri dari emas nativ,
elektrum,emas telurida, sejumlah paduan dan senyawa emas </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">denganunsur-unsur belerang(Alamsyah, 2006)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;">Emas berasal dari suatu reservoar
yaitu inti bumi dimana air magmatikyang mengandung ion sulfida, ion
klorida, ion natrium, dan ion kaliummengangkut logam emas ke permukaan
bumi.Kecenderunganterdapatnya emas terdapat pada zona epithermal atau disebut
zonaalterasi hidrothermal. Zona alterasi hidrotermal merupakan suatu zonadimana
air yang berasal dari magma atau disebut air magmatik bergeraknaik kepermukaan
bumi. Celah dari hasil aktivitas Gunungapimenyebabkan air magmatik yang
bertekanan tinggi naik ke permukaanbumi. Saat air magmatik yang yang
berwujud uap mencapai permukaanbumi terjadi kontak dengan air meteorik yang
menyebabkan ion sulfidadan ion klorida yang membawa emas terendapkan. Air
meteorikbiasanya menempati zona-zona retakan-retakan batuan beku yangmengalami
proses alterasi akibat pemanasan oleh air magmatik. Seiringdengan makin
bertambahnya endapan dalam retakan-retakan tersebut,semakin lama
retakan-retakan tersebut tertutup oleh akumulasiendapan dari logam-logam yang mengandung
ion-ion kompleks yangmengandung emas. Zona alterasi yang potensial mengandung
emasdapat diidentifikasi dengan melihat lapisan pirit atau tembaga
padasuatu reservoar yang tersusun atas batuan intrusif misalnya granit
ataudiorite (Kurniawan, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">PEMBENTUKAN
EMAS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Emas terbentuk dari proses magmatisme atau pengendapan dipermukaan. Beberapa endapan terbentuk karena proses metasomatisme yaitu kontak yang
terjadi antara bebatuan dengan air panas(hydrothermal) atau fluidalainnya.
Genesis emas dikategorikan menjadi dua yaitu endapan primer dan endapan plaser.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">PEMBENTUKAN BERDASARKANTEMPERATUR,
TEKANAN, DAN KODISI</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Calibri;"></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan temperatur, tekanan dan
kondisigeologi pada saat pembentukan emas dapat dibagi menjadi 3 jenis :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">1. Endapan
Hipotermal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">2. Endapan Mesotermal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">3. Endapan Epitermal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">PerbedaanMineral EmasdenganMineral
Pirit</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4NpEootHAtxUUkYp57JnwQtByeTDtnzHjsVXr8MFGh8lEQwt8TYCBKu76Unp32rtgL_uxXFeU-SWg90G1WEL1_OGOHl02PH37Ley1eEEsjglL0K2g-6lPOc3wpy99aCkbgokURDv7oUQ/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4NpEootHAtxUUkYp57JnwQtByeTDtnzHjsVXr8MFGh8lEQwt8TYCBKu76Unp32rtgL_uxXFeU-SWg90G1WEL1_OGOHl02PH37Ley1eEEsjglL0K2g-6lPOc3wpy99aCkbgokURDv7oUQ/s320/Picture2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Orang sering mengira penampakan
pirit sebagai emas, yang kilapnya memang menyerupai emas. Kadang ada yang
bertanya,apakah pirit ini emas? Atau apakah pirit ini mengandung
emas?.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Calibri;">Cara
Membedakannya Adalah</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Calibri;">dengan rumus kimia FeS2, merupakan salah satu dari jenis mineral sulfida yang umum dijumpai dialam, entah sebagai hasil sampingan suatu endapan hidrotermal ataupun sebagai mineral
asesoris dalam beberapa jenis batuan. Tidaka dapenciri mineralisasi tertentu jika anda menjumpai pirit, apalagi sedikit. Secara deskriptif,
pirit ini mempunyai warna kuning keemasan dengan kilap logam. Jadi,
kalau tidak biasa dengan mineral-mineral logam, sering menganggapnya sebagai emas. Secara strukturkristal, baik pirit dan emas sama-sama kubis, namun sifat dalamnya yang
berbeda. Emas lebih mudah ditempa dari pada pirit. Kalau dipukul,
pirit akan hancur berkeping-keping,
sedangkan emas tidak mudah hancur karena lebih mudah ditempa(maleable).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Calibri;">sekian pembahasan dari saya<br />salam damaiku.....</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-6024805500518251422013-04-22T05:08:00.000-07:002013-04-22T05:08:49.571-07:00Tentang Batubara (about coal)<br />
Pada kali ini saya akan memposting tentang Batu bara,<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwRccmzCBgRG07x1LymIZ1B2XYdxOpJGrcQ8Q0N1ZEUG6l7yxpLKKPSzsNcIQ8_2ASkdavAYUCIZB1O0ELMAB7bxvNFpZ0kpfceo1II7gh3ptsg3xRY2bhPqXHjtdjGVnQnZPtnrRZgmc/s1600/bara.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwRccmzCBgRG07x1LymIZ1B2XYdxOpJGrcQ8Q0N1ZEUG6l7yxpLKKPSzsNcIQ8_2ASkdavAYUCIZB1O0ELMAB7bxvNFpZ0kpfceo1II7gh3ptsg3xRY2bhPqXHjtdjGVnQnZPtnrRZgmc/s1600/bara.jpg" /></span></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">?????</span></div>
batubara termasuk dalam batuan sedimen yang terbentuk akibat pembusukan sisa-sisa tumbuhan yang terjadi selama puluhan atau jutaan tahun.<br />
Sesuai dengan bahan asalnya batubara terdiri dari elemen-elemen arang (karbon), oksigen, belerang, hidrogen dan beberapa mineral logam dalam bentuk dan jumlah bayangan (traces).<br />
Dengan demikian kualitas batubara tergantung dari jenis bahan asalnya dan peningkatan mutu oleh faktor geologitermasuk gradient, geothermal dan sebagainya.<br />
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<br />
Apakah batubara itu ????<br />
pertanyaan ini dilontarkan dalam seminar di Edinburgh ,Skotlandia pada tahun1913.<br />
Bateman, 1950. Mendefinisikan batubara merupakanmineral bahan bakar (fuel mineral), yang berasal dari tumbuhan-tumbuhan yang hidup dan kemudian mati secara insitu. Dibuktikandengan terdapatnya akar dan batang pada lempung yang biasanya berada diatas(roof) dan bawah(floor) lapisan batubara.<br />
Setelah 68 tahun (1913-1981), dengan berkembangnya ilmu perbatubaraan Elliott, 1981, menjawab bahwa batubara adalah batuan atau mineral yang secara kimia dan fisika adalah heterogen yang mengandung unsur-unsur karbon (C) hidrogen(H) dan oksigen (O) sebagai unsur utama dan belerang(S) serta nitrogen (N) sebagai unsur tambahan. Zat lain yaitu senyawa anorganik pembentuk abu (ash) tersebar sebagai partikel zat mineral terpisah-pisah diseluruh senyawa batubara.<br />
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<span style="color: #6fa8dc;">Gambar Pembentukan batubara</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GA9GV3ZpQyi8hIeVT8qhd-WK0dnybv8deLxawbu8xFuCZYs6Jf4W-_G_SfcSnvEshXKUaEGqcQZsiAJyPia-hDfAXjZdySuC8lAw4bQE14UOwOa3OSkiUWQbNExCzwfrkty3aZg-CMQL/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7GA9GV3ZpQyi8hIeVT8qhd-WK0dnybv8deLxawbu8xFuCZYs6Jf4W-_G_SfcSnvEshXKUaEGqcQZsiAJyPia-hDfAXjZdySuC8lAw4bQE14UOwOa3OSkiUWQbNExCzwfrkty3aZg-CMQL/s400/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;">Beberapa jenis batubara jika dipanaskan menjadi meleleh dan pelastis serta meninggalkan residu yang disebut kokas.</span><br />
<span style="color: red;">Batubara dapat dibakar untuk membangkitkan uap atau dikarbonisasikan untuk membuat bahan bakar cair, dihidrogenisasikan untuk membuat metan.</span><br />
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Gas sintetis atau bahan bakar berupa gas dapat diproduksi sebagai produk utama dengan jalan gasifikasi sempurna dari batubara dengan oksigen dan uap atau udara.<br />
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Jadi definisi batubara dapat dikelompokkan sbg :<br />
Batuan sedimen organik<br />
Dapat terbakar<br />
Hasil pembusukan hasil sisa-sisa tanaman purba<br />
Menjadi padat setelah tertimbun lapisan diatasnya<br />
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<b>Adapun kelas dan jenis batubara sebagai berikut :</b><br />
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Berdasarkan tingkat proses pembentukannya yang dikontrol oleh tekanan, panas dan waktu, batu bara umumnya dibagi dalam lima kelas: antrasit, bituminus, sub-bituminus, lignit dan gambut.</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; list-style-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Monobook-bullet.png); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Antrasit</b> adalah kelas batu bara tertinggi, dengan warna hitam berkilauan (<i>luster</i>) metalik, mengandung antara 86% - 98% unsur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (C) dengan kadar air kurang dari 8%.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Bituminus</b> mengandung 68 - 86% unsur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (C) dan berkadar air 8-10% dari beratnya. Kelas batu bara yang paling banyak ditambang di Australia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Sub-bituminus</b> mengandung sedikit <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karbon">karbon</a> dan banyak air, dan oleh karenanya menjadi sumber panas yang kurang efisien dibandingkan dengan bituminus.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Lignit</b> atau batu bara coklat adalah batu bara yang sangat lunak yang mengandung air 35-75% dari beratnya.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Gambut</b>, berpori dan memiliki kadar air di atas 75% serta nilai kalori yang paling rendah.</li>
</ul>
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Tahap pembentukan batubara dibagi menjadi dua yaitu :<br />
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1. Tahap pembentukan gambut (peatification) : tumbuhan yang tumbang atau mati akan mengalami pembusukan sehingga tidak kelihatan bentuk aslinya (humin gel).<br />
pembusukan dan penghancuran tersebut adalah hasil oksidasiyang disebabkan oleh adanya oksigen dan aktifitas bakteri (fungi), bakteri penghancur biasanya berjenis bakteri anaerob (bakteri yang hidup tanpa oksigen).<br />
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2. Tahap pembentukan batubara (coalification)<br />
Tahap ini merupakan tahap lanjutan dari tahap peatification, dimana gambut dikenakan gaya tekan dan suhu dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Tekanan pada lapisan gambut akan bertambah seiring dengan bertambahnya lapisan sedimen yang ada dilapisan atas gambut, sedangkan suhu akan meningkat dengan bertambahnya ketebalan lapisan juga disebabkan oleh aktifitas magma dan aktifitas tektonik lainnya. tahap pembentukan batubara ini biasa disebut tahap termodinamika.<br />
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b> Anatomy of Coal Forming</b></div>
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<b>Teori pembentukan batubara terbagi menjadi 2 yaitu :</b></div>
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<b>1. Teori Insitu (autochthonous)</b></div>
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Menyatakan bahwa lapisan gambut yang terbentuk berasal dari tumbuhan yang tumbang ditempat tumbuhnya.</div>
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<b>2. Teori Drift (allochthonous)</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-ZCRMxXyjgmXEBHFl_TsOJB2tWoZkR6GXkqBDydEJhcWDTE-X7KBZRMryzo_C5O8EJlrbsA-Bdf7c7rMikU94G-tivGrSsM3JGBzOZx7X188QuZGUhWHuJ1uSc28zdu_OdHAQK66VBU/s1600/Untitled-1+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-ZCRMxXyjgmXEBHFl_TsOJB2tWoZkR6GXkqBDydEJhcWDTE-X7KBZRMryzo_C5O8EJlrbsA-Bdf7c7rMikU94G-tivGrSsM3JGBzOZx7X188QuZGUhWHuJ1uSc28zdu_OdHAQK66VBU/s400/Untitled-1+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a>Menyatakan bahwa lapisa gambut terbentuk dari asal tumbuhan yang tumbang disuatu tempat dan mengalami transportasi (umumnya oleh air) dan terendapkan di daerah hilir.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><b>Umur batu bara</b></span></div>
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Pembentukan batu bara memerlukan kondisi-kondisi tertentu dan hanya terjadi pada era-era tertentu sepanjang sejarah geologi. Zaman Karbon, kira-kira 340 <i>juta tahun yang lalu</i> (jtl), adalah masa pembentukan batu bara yang paling produktif dimana hampir seluruh deposit batu bara (<i>black coal</i>) yang ekonomis di belahan bumi bagian utara terbentuk.</div>
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Pada Zaman Permian, kira-kira 270 jtl, juga terbentuk endapan-endapan batu bara yang ekonomis di belahan bumi bagian selatan, seperti Australia, dan berlangsung terus hingga ke Zaman Tersier (70 - 13 jtl) di berbagai belahan bumi lain.</div>
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Itulah posting saya mengenai batubara semoga agan-agan banyak mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai batubara,,<br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">salam damaiku...</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-35976884997730755702013-04-19T05:55:00.001-07:002013-04-19T06:01:15.879-07:00Definisi mekanika Batuan<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><i>Definisi batuan</i></span><br />
<br />
Menurut geolog<br />
Batuan adalah sususnan mineral dan bahan organik yang bersatu membentuk kulit bumi.<br />
<br />
<i><span style="color: red;">secara umum batuan adalah suatu campuran dari suatu atau lebih mineral yang berbeda dan tidak mempunyai komposisi-komposisi kimia yang tetap.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i>
<span style="color: #444444;">Komposisi Batuan sebagai berikut :</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;"><i>8 Unsur dominan</i><br />oksigen (O)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">silikat (Si)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">almunium (Al)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">magnesium (Mg)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">natrium (Na)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">hidrogen (H)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">kalsium (Ca)</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444;">besi (Fe) </span><br />
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><i>Definisi Mekanika Batuan </i></span><br />
<i><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">secara umum</span> adalah ilmu yang mempelajari sifat dan perilaku batuan apabila pada batuan tersebut dikenakan gaya dan tekanan.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Sifat-sifat Batuan </i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Heterogen : Jenis material pembentuk batuan berbeda dan ukuran bentuk partikel atau butir berbeda dalam batuan.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Diskontinu : Yaitu weak zone (zonaa lemah) ex : lipatan,patahan etc.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Anisotrop : Mempunyai nilai yang berbeda pada arah yang berbeda.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
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<b><span style="color: orange;">SIKLUS BATUAN</span></b></div>
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Secara umum ada 3 jenis batuan yaitu :</div>
<a href="http://godamaiku.blogspot.com/2013/04/tentang-batuan-beku-igneous-rocks.html">batuan beku</a><br />
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<a href="http://godamaiku.blogspot.com/2013/04/batuan-sedimen.html">batuan sedimen</a> </div>
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<a href="http://godamaiku.blogspot.com/2013/04/batuan-metamorf.html">batuan metamorf</a></div>
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sekian pembahasan saya kali ini semoga bermanfaat,</div>
<br />
salam damaiku,,<br />
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<b><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-37305127844231201172013-04-19T05:52:00.000-07:002013-04-19T05:52:04.729-07:00Batuan Metamorf<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Batuan Metamorf</span><span style="font-size: 48pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b>Batuan metamorf<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Batuan yang
terjadi karena adanya proses ubahan batuan asal (batuan beku, sediment maupun
metamorf) oleh proses metamorfisme.<o:p></o:p></div>
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</v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251655168;"><span style="height: 35px; left: 0px; left: 212px; position: absolute; top: -7px; width: 45px;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:/Users/WINDOW~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="45" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b>Proses metamorfisme</b> Batuan mengalami penambahan
tekanan (P) atau temperature (T) atau kenaikan P dan T secara bersamaaan
sehingga mengalami perubahan susunan mineraloginya (susunan kimianya tetap)
yang berlangsung dari fase padat ke fase padat tanpa mengalami fase cair.<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Gambar 1. Mekanisme metamorfosa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Tipe-tipe metamorfisme</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Thermal/kontak</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">T mengalami
kenaikan</span></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Dinamo/dislokasi/kataklastik</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">P mengalami kenaikan</span></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Regional</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">P
& T naik secara bersamaan</span></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Klasifikasi dan Penamaan
jenis batuan metamorf<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Secara umum batuan metamorf dibagi dalam dua kelompok yang
didasarkan atas strukturnya, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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perlapisan akibat adanya penjajaran mineral<o:p></o:p></div>
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tidak mempunyai kenampakan seperti perlapisan akibat adanya penjajaran
mineral</div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Kondisi Foliasi dan Non foliasi pada batuan metamorf :</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;"><b><i>FOLIASI</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Komposisi mineralnya bermacam-macam,/kompleks</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Banyak mineral baru yang terbentuk akibat perubahan T dan/atau P.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Teksturnya berlapis, foliasi, liniasi, banded. </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Mineral mempunyai orientasi yang relatif sama. </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Banyak batuan dengan komposisi yang beragam </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;"><b><i>NON FOLIASI</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Komposisi mineralnya sederhana, hanya terdiri dari beberapa mineral seperti calcite atau</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">kuarsa.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">mineral baru yang terbentuk akibat perubahan T dan/atau P.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Teksturnya granular dan equi- dimensional. </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Mineral tidak mempunyai orientasi. </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Batuan dalam jumlah terbatas dengan mineral sederhana.</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Contohnya:</span><span style="text-indent: -153pt;">kuarsa - Quartzite </span><span style="text-indent: -153pt;">batugamping - Marble </span><span style="text-indent: -153pt;">lanau - Hornfels</span></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -153pt;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -153pt;">Tekstur</b></div>
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</span></div>
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Tekstur pada batuan metamorf diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>a. Kristaloblastik</b></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Tekstur yang terjadi pada saat tumbuhnya
mineral dalam suasana padat (tekstur</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">batuan asalnya tidak tampak lagi).</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Lepidoblastik</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Tekstur yang didominasi mineral-mineral
pipih yang memperlihatkan orientasi sejajar (biotit, muskovit).</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Nematoblastik</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Mineral-mineral berbentuk jarum yang
memperlihatkan orientasi sejajar (amphibol, piroksen)</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Granoblastik</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Mineral berbentuk butiran dengan sisi
kristal yang bergerigi (kuarsa, kalsit)</span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">4.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Porfiroblastik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Suatu kristal besar (fenokris) tertanam
dalam massa dasar yang lebih halus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">5.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Idioblastik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Bentuk mineral-mineral penyusunnya
euhedral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">6.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Xenoblastik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Bentuk mineral-mineral penyusunnya
anhedral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>b. Palimpsest (tekstur sisa)</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Blastoporfiritik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Suatu tekstur sisa dari batuan asal yang
bertekstur porfiritik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2. </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Blastoopitik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: -153pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -153pt;">Suatu tekstur sisa dari batuan asal yang bertekstur opitik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -153pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Struktur</i><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b> </b>Secara <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a. Foliasi : mempunyai kenampakan seperti perlapisan
akibat adanya penjajaran mineral</b><o:p></o:p><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->Slatycleavage <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Struktur batuan sabak (slate), seperti
schistose tetapi tidak ada perlapisan akibat pemisahan dari macam-macam mineral
(<i>segregation bending</i>).</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Contoh: Slate ---> batulempung yang
mengalami metamorfosa derajat rendah.</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<a href="http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/MetaRx/Rocks/slate1.html"><i><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:273.75pt;height:180pt'
o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\WINDOW~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:href="file:///C:\Documents%20and%20Settings\Yuyu\Application%20Data\Microsoft\Word\Barrovian%20metamorphism_files\slate1-821.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></i></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]-->Philithic<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Struktur pada batuan filit, tingkatnya
lebih tinggi dari slate, sudah ada <i>segregation
bending</i> tapi tidak sebagusbatuan berstruktur schistose (foliasi
diperlihatkan oleh kepingan halus mika)<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Contoh : Philit</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>3.<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></b>Schistose</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Foliasi nampak secara jelas pada
kepingan-kepingan mika, membentuk belahan yang tidak putus-putus.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Contoh : Schist</div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8524988269978639395" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b></b><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>4.<span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></b>Gneissic</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Foliasi oleh mineral-mineral granular dan
memperlihatkan belahan-belahan yang tidak rata.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Contoh : gneiss</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmtilGS385SDec_ERzM6e3omidPXIHwlzNvQ0ye2RtJDkrmcoHQaPUIYRcPA5vfFKQwnxh03tc2qveLme5V0tJlDQbAROMgEzWmkeg_a_4U9b-fkxxEwf1dFmiPbTCZ2b3YKCKVjr3aQ3c/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmtilGS385SDec_ERzM6e3omidPXIHwlzNvQ0ye2RtJDkrmcoHQaPUIYRcPA5vfFKQwnxh03tc2qveLme5V0tJlDQbAROMgEzWmkeg_a_4U9b-fkxxEwf1dFmiPbTCZ2b3YKCKVjr3aQ3c/s400/Picture1.jpg" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmtilGS385SDec_ERzM6e3omidPXIHwlzNvQ0ye2RtJDkrmcoHQaPUIYRcPA5vfFKQwnxh03tc2qveLme5V0tJlDQbAROMgEzWmkeg_a_4U9b-fkxxEwf1dFmiPbTCZ2b3YKCKVjr3aQ3c/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">b.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Non Foliasi : tidak nampak adanya
penjajaran minera</span></b><b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">l</span></b><br />
<b><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.</span><span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;">Hornfelsik</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Struktur khas pada batuan hornfels
(metamorf thermal) dimana butirannnya tidak menunjukkan adanya pengarahan.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Kataklastik</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Struktur yang terdiri dari pecahan-pecahan
atau fragmen-fragmen batuan maupun mineral.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Milonitik</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Sama dengan kataklastik tetapi butirannnya
lebih halus dan dapat dibelah-belah seperti schistose.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
4. Pilonitik</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Menyerupai milonit tapi butirannya relativ lebih kasar strukturnya mendekati philit.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
5. Flaser</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Mirip dengan kataklastik struktur batuan asal berbentuk lensa yang tertanam pada masa dasar milonit.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
6. Augen</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Seperti flaser hanya saja lensa2nya terdiri dari butiran feldespar dalam masa dasar yang lebih halus.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
7. Granulose</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Hampir sama dengan hornfelsik hanya butirannya yang tidak mempunyai ukuran yang sama besar.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
8. Liniasi</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Adanya kumpulan mineral yang berbentuk seperti jarum.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><i>Tekstur</i></b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>a. Foliated</b></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Gneiss : Lapisan permukaannya kasar dan tidak mempunyai batas yang jelas.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. Schist : Lapisan permukaannya halus pararel dan mempunyai bidang batas yang jelas.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. Filitik : Lapisan permukaannya kasar pararel dan jelas batasannya tetapi tidak begitu kompak</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
4. Slaty : Lapisan permukaannya sangat halus rapat dan pararel.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>b. Unfoliated</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
1. Porfiroblast : Kristalnya tidak sama besar.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
2. Homoblast : Kristalnya sama besar butirnya lonjong atau bulat</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
3. Lepidoblast : Kristalnya seperti susunan sisik</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
4. Nematoblast: Kristalnya prismatic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
silide nya bisa anda download <a href="http://adf.ly/MlSC8" target="_blank">disini</a> semoga bermanfaat<br />
<br />
salam damaiku......</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-70314509470872521432013-04-19T05:50:00.000-07:002013-04-19T05:52:28.561-07:00Tentang Batuan beku (igneous rocks)<span style="color: #464646; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">BATUAN
BEKU</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBjOll6SxMz9jD_dyS5PgzGfgYq_Y5ZTeHCXjUEDvyzqUFt0pvvmv5U6b6PK1i9X2ZwJn4SA_pTmVp6EHBCNq66P0uzPyyMZ13Flk-_NMpg9mFVT_E-9YdU4_5KKzJeQAKRbq6qBsxzIX/s1600/BB+b_beku.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcBjOll6SxMz9jD_dyS5PgzGfgYq_Y5ZTeHCXjUEDvyzqUFt0pvvmv5U6b6PK1i9X2ZwJn4SA_pTmVp6EHBCNq66P0uzPyyMZ13Flk-_NMpg9mFVT_E-9YdU4_5KKzJeQAKRbq6qBsxzIX/s1600/BB+b_beku.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; line-height: 90%; margin: 4pt 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;"><u><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">DEFINISI</span></u><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> : </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">adalah</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">batuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">pembekuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">larutan</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">silikat</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">cair</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> , </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">pijar</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> , </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">yang </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">dikenal</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';">dengan</span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"> magma. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #464646; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode';"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin: 4pt 0in 0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<ul>
<li style="line-height: 90%;"><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan beku adalah batuan yang terbentuk dari magma pijar
yang membeku menjadi padat, dengan sekitar</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">80% material batuan yang menyusun
batuan kerak Bumi adalah batuan beku. Berdasarkan tempat </span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">terbentuknya magma
beku.</span></li>
<li><br /></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings 3;"><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">}<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">Dalam geologi</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologi" style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">i</a><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">, sebuah </span><b style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">intrusi</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
adalah sebuah batuan beku</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> yang telah menjadi kristal</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> dari sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma" style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">m</a><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;">agma </span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">yang meleleh di bawah
permukaan bumi.</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">. Magma yang
membeku di bawah tanah sebelum mereka mencapai </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">permukaan bumi dinamakan pluton</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">,
dari nama pluto</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">, Dewa Romawi dunia bawah tanah</span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">.
Batuan dari jenis ini </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">juga disebut sebagai </span><b style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">batuan beku plutonik</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> atau </span><b style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">batuan
beku intrusif</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">. Dia berlawanan dengan batuan</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">ekstrusif.
Batuan yang mengelilingi pluton disebut <i>country rock</i></span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>Klasifikasi batuan beku :</b> </i></span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;">Menurut tempat terjadinya</span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan Beku Dalam (Plutonik/Abisik) </b></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan beku dalam terjadi dari pembekuan magma yang
berlangsung perlahan-lahan ketika masih berada </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">jauh di dalam kulit Bumi. Contoh
batuan beku dalam adalah granit, diotit, dan gabbro.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan Beku Gang/Korok</b></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan beku korok terjadi dari magma yang membeku di lorong
antara dapur magma dan permukaan Bumi. </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Magma yang meresap di antara
lapisan-lapisan litosfer mengalami proses pembekuan yang berlangsung lebih </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">cepat, sehingga kristal mineral yang terbentuk tidak semua besar. Campuran
kristal mineral yang besarnya </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">tidak sama merupakan ciri batuan beku korok.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><b><br /></b></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan Beku Luar</b></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Batuan beku luar terjadi dari magma yang keluar dari dapur
magma membeku di permukaan Bumi (seperti </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">magma hasil letusan gunung berapi).
Contoh batuan beku luar adalah : basalt, diorit, andesit, obsidin, scoria, </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">batuan apung (pumice).</span></li>
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<b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;">Macam-macam struktur batuan beku</span></b></div>
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<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Masif</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> : tidak menunjukkan adanya sifat aliran atau jejak
gas, atau tidak menunjukkan adanya fragmen </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">batuan lain yang tertanam dalam
tubuhnya.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Fillow lava (lava bantal)</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> : merupakan struktur yang
dinyatakan padabatuan ekstrusi tertentu, yang dicirikan </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">oleh massa berbentuk
bantal di mana ukuran dari bentuk
ini umumnya antara 30-60 cm dan
jaraknya </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">berdekatan</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Joint</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> : struktur yang
ditandai oleh kekar –kekar yang tersusun secara tegak lurus arah aliran, struktur
ini </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">dapat berkembang menjadi columnar jointing.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Vesikuler</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> , merupakan struktur yang ditandai adanya
lubang-lubang dengan arah yang teratur.
Lubang ini </span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">terbentuk akibat keluarnya gas pada waktu pembekuan magma
berlangsung. </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Skoria, seperti vesikuler tetapi tidak menunjukkan rah yang
teratur</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Amigdaloidal</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> , strutur di mana lubang-lubang keluarnya gas
terisi oleh mineral-mineral sekunder seperti </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">zeolit, karbonat, silika.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Xenolith</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">, struktur yang memperlihatkan adanya suatu fragmen
batuan yang masuk atau tertanam dalam</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">batuan beku. Struktur ini terbentuk
sebagai akibat peleburan tidak sempurna dari suatu bauan sampingdi </span><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">dalam magma
yang menerobos. </span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 14px;"><b><br /></b></span></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">Autobrexia</b><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"> , struktur pada lava yang memperlihatkan
fragmen-fragmen dari lava itu sendiri.</span></li>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Tekstur Batuan beku terdiri dari :</b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>a. Derajat kristalisasi terdiri dari:<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Holocrystalin : semua mengkristal<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Hypocrystalin : masa yang mengkristal lebih banyak dari pada masa glas.<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Hypoyalin : masa glass lebih banyak dari pada masa kristal.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Holohyalin : tidak terjadi kristal, demua masa glass.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">b. Ukuran Kristal<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Faneritik : butiran kristal besar, dapat dilihat mata telanjang.<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Afaneritik : butiran kristal sebagian besar dan sebagian halus.<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Porfiritik : butiran kristal sangat halus.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">c. Kesempurnaan bentuk kristal<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Euhedral : kristal yang terbentuk sempurna.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Anhedral : kristal yang terbentuk tidak sempurna.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Subhedral : kristal yang terbentuk sebagian sempurna dan tidak sempurna.</span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">d. Keseragaman ukuran butir<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Equigranular : ukuran butir kristal seragam.<br /></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">-Inequigranular :ukuran butir kristal tidak seragam.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: 0in;">sekian posting saya kali ini semoga bermanfaat</span><br />
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klik <a href="http://adf.ly/Mg4Uy" target="_blank">disini</a> untuk mendownload slide nya ....<br />
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semoga bermanfaat ...<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-40583216815789165192013-04-17T10:04:00.001-07:002013-04-17T10:04:23.912-07:00Mengenai Mineral<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: large;">Minerals</span></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
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Mineral
ialah suatu bahan tak organik, yang berlaku secara tabii dan mempunyai struktur atom yang tertentu</div>
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(Mineral
is defined as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with ordered
arrangement of atoms (Mason, 1979)</div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
Contoh:
emas, perak, kuprum, garam, plumbum, batu kapur, batu marmar, timah, titanium, dll</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9zFl5z7Ir6cy2l9YJjJBQnT5f2UkWIPkm-Z-sp5E8GjF7B-cG3hSLGY1XrDaHZedfldPFJYJ1ZtgBhQl6o0FIppmc6T3AtML89njlWx09v3R_OKiAKpNY0b-KmIHPOh-jOeqpZRsU6bb5/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9zFl5z7Ir6cy2l9YJjJBQnT5f2UkWIPkm-Z-sp5E8GjF7B-cG3hSLGY1XrDaHZedfldPFJYJ1ZtgBhQl6o0FIppmc6T3AtML89njlWx09v3R_OKiAKpNY0b-KmIHPOh-jOeqpZRsU6bb5/s320/Picture1.png" width="298" /></a>•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Alami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Natural</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Padatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">crystalline solid</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Inorganic</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kimia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pasti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: Arial;">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kristal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Susunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
internal </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
atom.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Alamiah</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">ada</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">campur</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">tangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">manusia</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Rekayasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
mineral</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">→ </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">mulia</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">imitasi</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Padatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">kristalin</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
internal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Susunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
atom</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Membentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kerangka</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Keteraturan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Bila</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">beraturan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">→ </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">amorphous</span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffcc66; font-family: Impact; font-size: large; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffcc66; font-family: Impact; font-size: large; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Minerals
- Quartz Crystals</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Batuan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">terdiri</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kumpulan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> mineral</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Mineral </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">tersusun</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">oleh</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">sejumlah</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">unsur</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> (</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">elements</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Setiap</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">unsur</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">memiliki</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">sejumlah</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> atom – </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">partikel</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">terkecil</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> yang </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">membangunan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">karakteristik</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">unsur</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Identifikasi</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> Mineral </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Berdasarkan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Karakteristiknya</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kekerasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">hardness</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">crystal shape/form</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kilap</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">luster</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Warna</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">color</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Coreng</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">cerat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">streak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Belahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">rekahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">cleavage/fracture</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Berat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> = </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">density</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">specific gravity</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">special properties</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">reaction to acid</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Fluorescence</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">salty taste</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">magnetism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kekerasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Mineral (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Mineral
Hardness</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Resistensi</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">terhadap</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">abrasi</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">untuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">menggores</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic;">scratch</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">) mineral lain</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Fredrich</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Mohs</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">→ </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">skala</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">kekerasan</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic;">Mohs</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic;"> scale</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">) </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">dari</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> 1 (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic;">talc</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">) </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">hingga</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> 10 (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic;">diamond</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">)</span></div>
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•<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Quartz : 7</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAov4QoCH0y-fXa4aWBYgRp2z20ha2mJoSGxMAdnZLzkM2GfwzakJCj1h6gU24bL61nTHD55nk7QwN4-6BEcqZb_-gP_kVeNNZ0mXxSfxLSxGwKjtmWAw-izmZzjEsWXzSFb6qRSHmUEE5/s1600/Photo-0072.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAov4QoCH0y-fXa4aWBYgRp2z20ha2mJoSGxMAdnZLzkM2GfwzakJCj1h6gU24bL61nTHD55nk7QwN4-6BEcqZb_-gP_kVeNNZ0mXxSfxLSxGwKjtmWAw-izmZzjEsWXzSFb6qRSHmUEE5/s640/Photo-0072.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sifat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Fisik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Mineral</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> Kristal</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Struktur</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">eksternalnya</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dipengaruhi</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">susunan</span><span style="color: #00cc00; font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
atom</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Accicular</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">jarum</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">zeolite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Bladed</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">memenjang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
& </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">memipih</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kyanite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Botryoidal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">membulat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">serupa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">anggur</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">chalcedony</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Fibrous
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">serabut</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">benang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
asbestos</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Mammilated</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">mirip</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">botryoidal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">tonjolan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">memipih</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">malachite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Massive
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">keteraturan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bentuk</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Micaceous</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">lempengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">pipih</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">;
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">muscovite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Platy
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">:
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">pipih</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Prismatic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">memenjang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bidang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kristal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bagus</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
quartz, hornblende.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">dll</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;">. </span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 80%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kilap</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Menggambarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">refleksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">sinar</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dri</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">kristal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kategori</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">“metallic”</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 6.72pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">“non-metallic”</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Contoh</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Metalic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">galena, pyrite, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">chalcopirite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Pearly (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">mutiara</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">) : selenite (gypsum); barite</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Silky (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> sutra) : gypsum</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Vitreous (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kaca</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">) : quartz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: orange;">Warna</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Hasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengabsorbsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">sejumlah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">panjang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">gelombang</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">merekfleksikan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">lainnya</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Sebagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">warna</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">khas</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Dipengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">perbedaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">kimiawi</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengotor</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">/impurities)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bersifat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">diagnostik</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Satu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">berwarna-warni</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: red;">•Jenis <span style="font-family: Arial;">warna</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Barite</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">putih</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">pucat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">merah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">muda</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kehijauan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kebiruan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">kekuningan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Quartz</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;"> : </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">berwarna</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">bening</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">lembayung</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">/violet
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">amethyst</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">), </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">merah</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">muda</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">rose quartz</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">abu-abu</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">smoky quartz</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">Kecenderungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">warna</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Felsik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">felsic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">) : Mineral non </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">silikat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">ferromagnesia</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Mafik</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">mafic</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">) : Mineral </span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">silikat</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;">ferromagnesia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Coreng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cerat</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Warna</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bubuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">ketika</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">digoreskan</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> “streak plate” (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">unglazed
porcelain</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Warna</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">coreng</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">/</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">cerat</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">sama</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">berbeda</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">hand-specimen</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">Menggores</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bidang</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">datar</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">/porcelain </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">→
</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">bubuk</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">goresan</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">identifikasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">sekian pembahasan saya mengenai mineral semoga bermanfaat,, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk slidenya bisa klik <a href="http://adf.ly/N9FYu" target="_blank">download</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Arial Narrow'; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;">salam damaiku,,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1536; width: 920px;"><colgroup><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 72pt;" width="96"></col><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 132pt;" width="176"></col><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 150pt;" width="200"></col><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 66pt;" width="88"></col><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 90pt;" width="120"></col><col style="mso-width-source: userset; width: 180pt;" width="240"></col></colgroup><tbody>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-43139275682395001002013-04-13T21:57:00.003-07:002013-04-13T21:57:54.840-07:00Energi Geothermal (panas bumi)<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: large;">Pengertian Geothermal </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivMYdQtWn4RvlBse1eBFafyepCZ5ZqVGzF69IWqji0O191gKI7M__eRoLJmhvzFUqIL_6Eyi5qrnd5JXYQpPqBsE5jXjgE-X8SVwfAUPThy_QfQcYOoKSQoONhD2ZMnFOcB4MXmcWj2KmV/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivMYdQtWn4RvlBse1eBFafyepCZ5ZqVGzF69IWqji0O191gKI7M__eRoLJmhvzFUqIL_6Eyi5qrnd5JXYQpPqBsE5jXjgE-X8SVwfAUPThy_QfQcYOoKSQoONhD2ZMnFOcB4MXmcWj2KmV/s1600/images.jpg" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">Geothermal </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dihasilkan </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">tersimpan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">bawah</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">permukaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">Energi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">berasal</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">asal</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">pembentukan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> planet, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">peluruhan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">radioaktif</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> mineral </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">aktivitas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">vulkanik</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">Akibat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">perbedaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">antara</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">permukaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">terjadilah</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">konduktivitas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dimana</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">bergerak</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">permukaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">, yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">gradien</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">geothermal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><b>Sejarah Geothermal</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sejak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Paleolithikum</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bangsa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Romawi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penghangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ruangan.Bahkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">monyet-monyet</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jepang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakannya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghangatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">awal</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">abad</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> ke-19, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> geothermal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">modern </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mulai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berkembang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sejak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 70 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lalu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Islandia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, geothermal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemanasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemanasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kaca</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dll</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1904 Italia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menemukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kegunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">geothermal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pembangkit</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Di Indonesia, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">eksplorasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimulai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1918 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kamojang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jawa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Barat. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">1926-1929 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimulai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemboran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didapatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kering</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Salah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beroperasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">KMJ-3.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dunia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekitar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 10,750 MW </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 24 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">negara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekitar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 28 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gigawatt</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pemanas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ruangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">industri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">desalinasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">agrikultur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e06666;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Darimana</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Geothermal </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Berasal</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">?</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Di Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, geothermal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tektonik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Di Indonesia, 3 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tektonik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">aktif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bergerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Eurasia, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pasifik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indo-Australia. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tumbukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">antar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tiga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tektonik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penting</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akhirnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">termasuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zona</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">subduksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zona</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penunjaman</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekitar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pulau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sumatra, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jawa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">-Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sulawesi. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tektonik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">inti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sekali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">geothermal yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didirikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zona</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lempeng</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tektonik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zona</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gunung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">api</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berkontribusi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pulau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jawa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menempati</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">vulkanik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">inti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 5000 </span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: super;">0</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">C </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dua</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penyebab</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">inti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">begitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">besar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gravitasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mencoba</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengkompres</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menekan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">materi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tengah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> paling </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdesak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">radioaktif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Uranium-238, Uranium-235 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Thorium-232. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> – </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">radioaktif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">membangkitkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sendirinya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berusaha</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">keluar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ditahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mantel yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengelilinginya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dipermukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sering</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber-sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">datangnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu-batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">meleleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">magma yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menerima</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">inti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">memperlihatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">skematis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadinya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">biasanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fumarole</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">geyser </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Magma yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terletak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> mantel, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memanasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">padat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Diatas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">padat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terletak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berpori</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lubang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bila</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berpori</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air, air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipanaskan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">padat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbentuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bila</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diatas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berpori</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">padat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">batu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berpori</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">boiler. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bertekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berusaha</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">keluar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTr-mBofb01rNAhduqCFXmYTKeRyhmmGRNtPxEdb4Ycdzk5p8DcxDmcoQUHw80RUojA567fRLN3JWZ9qwXBFF6KvqlWb4L3sf97vk23LQdJC4ZCzRhOIqDTb21VN1HJNUFaSn8nnf38Q/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinTr-mBofb01rNAhduqCFXmYTKeRyhmmGRNtPxEdb4Ycdzk5p8DcxDmcoQUHw80RUojA567fRLN3JWZ9qwXBFF6KvqlWb4L3sf97vk23LQdJC4ZCzRhOIqDTb21VN1HJNUFaSn8nnf38Q/s400/Picture1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gejala</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">umumnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tampak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipermukaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mata</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fumarola</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, geyser </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sulfatora</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jalan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengeboran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bersuhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diambil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dialirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kegenerator</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> turbo yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tenaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Prinsip</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Kerja</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tenaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mesin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penggerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipergunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">roda</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">poros</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mesin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bergerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">translasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melainkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gerakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rotasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berputar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">biasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">istilah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rotor/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">roda</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">/</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">poros</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berputar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dinamai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">istilah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">stator. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Roda</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terletak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">roda</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">poros</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">daya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">digerakkannya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bebannya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">(generator </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pompa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kompresor</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, baling-baling, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dll</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Didalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ekspansi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penurunan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontinyu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Penamaan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didalamnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">apabila</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerjanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">biasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">PRINSIP KERJA PUSAT LISTRIK TENAGA PANAS BUMI (PLTP)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pusat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tenaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (PLTP) </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">peralatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> :</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (steam turbine).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Condensor</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (Condenser).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">Separator.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial;">Demister.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Pompa-pompa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #e06666; font-size: large;"><b>sistem kerja</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mula-mula</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dialirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">steam receiving header</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjamin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pasokan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalami</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gangguan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">meskipun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pasokan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">flow meter</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dialirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">separator</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(3)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">demister </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(4)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memisahkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">zat-zat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">padat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">silika</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bintik-bintik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbawa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didalamnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Hal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghindari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadinya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">vibrasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">erosi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sudu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">nozzle turbine</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bersih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dialirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">main steam valve/electric control valve/governor valve </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(5)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menuju</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">turbine</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(6)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Di </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbine, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">double flow condensing</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dikopel</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">generator </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(7)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecepatan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3000 rpm. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">arus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 3 phase, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">frekuensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 50 Hz, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tegangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 11,8 kV. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">step-up transformer </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(8)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">arus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dinaikkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tegangannya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 150 kV, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">paralel</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penyaluran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(9)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Agar </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">efisien</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">exhaust steam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">keluar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">vakum</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">(0,10 bar), </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengkondensasikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">condenser </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(10)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipasang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bawah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbine. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Exhaust steam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">condenser, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terkondensasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penyerapan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendingin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diinjeksikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lewat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">spray-nozzle</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Level </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondensat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dijaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">selalu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">normal </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">buah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">cooling water pump</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(11)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lalu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didinginkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">cooling water</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(12)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sebelum</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disirkulasikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kevakuman</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">condenser,</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> gas yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terkondensasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">harus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dikeluarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kontinyu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ekstraksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> gas.</span><span style="color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 18.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: white; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Gas-gas </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">: CO</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">85-90% wt; H</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">S 3,5% wt; </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sisanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> N</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">gas-gas </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sistem</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ekstraksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> gas </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">first-stage</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">second-stage</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(13)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> PLTP yang lain </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">ejector</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">liquid ring vacuum pump.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sistem</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendingin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> PLTP </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendingin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sirkulasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tertutup</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondensasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kelebihan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kondensat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">direinjeksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reinjeksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(14)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Prinsip</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penyerapan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disirkulasikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengalirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pendingin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">paksa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">arah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tegak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lurus</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 5 </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">forced draft fan.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">cooling water</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sekitar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 70% </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terkondensasi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hilang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penguapan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">cooling water,</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sisanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diinjeksikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">reservoir </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(15)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Reinjeksi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengurangi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pencemaran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengurangi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">ground subsidence</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjaga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">recharge water </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bagi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Aliran</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disirkulasikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lagi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">primary pump</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(16)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">after condenser</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">intercondenser</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(17)</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimasukkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: #e06666;"><b>Tiga Macam Teknologi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e06666;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">(</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic;">Geothermal Power Plants</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Kering</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">(dry steam)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> reservoir yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">(>235 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">derajat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">celcius</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">), </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersedia</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">amat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sedikit</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">jumlahnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Cara </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">generator </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tertua</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Lardarello</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Italia </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">1904.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Jenis</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cocok</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> PLTP </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kapasitas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kandungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> gas yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Flash steam</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diatas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 182</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: super;">0</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">C </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerjanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bilamana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lapangan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terutama</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perlu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">separator yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memisahkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menyemprotkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tangki</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bertekanan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menguap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cepat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memutar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">generator </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Air </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dikembalikan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">reservoir </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">injection wells.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Binary cycle</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">suhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> reservoir yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">berkisar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">107-182</span><span style="font-family: Arial; vertical-align: super;">0</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">C. Cara </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerjanya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alirkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">salah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> heat exchanger </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menguapkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terhubung</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menggerakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">turbin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">telah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dihubungkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">generator. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hasilnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">listrik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">di</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pipa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memakai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">titik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">didih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Iso-butana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Iso-pentana</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Keuntungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> binary-cycle </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimanfaatkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bersuhu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Selain</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">mengeluarkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">alasan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diperkirakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dimasa</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">depan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 1 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">diatas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">carbondioksida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">nitritoksida</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sulfur, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">namun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> 50x </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dibanding</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dihasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">pembangkit</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">minyak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Keuntungan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dan </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">PLTP</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Keuntungan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Bebas</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">(binary-cycle).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Dapat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">hari</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">baik</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">siang</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">malam</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Sumber</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">fluktuatif</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dibanding</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">terbarukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">angin</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, Solar cell </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dll</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">4. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">memerlukan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bakar</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">5. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Harga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kompetitive</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Cairan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bersifat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Korosif</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">2. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Effisiensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">agak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">namun</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">perlu</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">bakar</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">effiensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">yg</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">penting</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">3. </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> dry steam </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">flash </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">masih</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">emisi</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">walau</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div>
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<br />
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klik <a href="http://godamaiku.blogspot.com/2012/05/cara-mendownloadnya-tunggu-detik.html" target="_blank">cara download</a> jika bingung untuk mendownloadnya<br />
<br />
salam damaiku..<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-13110069079208478302013-04-13T21:51:00.004-07:002013-04-13T21:52:27.709-07:00Pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU)<br />
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<span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: 'Wingdings 2';"></span><span style="font-family: Constantia;">Pembangkit listrik tenaga uap
(PLTU) adalah pembangkit yang mengandalkan energi</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">kinetik dari uap untuk
menghasilkan energi listrik.Bentuk utama dari pembangkit listrik jenis ini
adalah Generator yang dihubungkan ke turbinyang digerakkan oleh tenaga kinetik
dari uap panas/kering. Pembangkit listrik tenaga uapmenggunakan berbagai macam
bahan bakar terutama batu bara dan minyak bakar serta MFOuntuk start up </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">awal</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">PLTU </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">batubara</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bakar</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> yang
</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">batubara</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">uap</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> yang
</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">kelas</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> sub </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bituminus</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bituminus</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Lignit</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">mulai</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">mendapat</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">bakar</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> PLTU
</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">belakangan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">seiring</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">perkembangan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">teknologi</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">pembangkitan</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> yang
</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">mampu</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">mengakomodasi</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">batubara</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">berkualitas</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6; font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">skema PLTU bahan bakar batubara</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcbwKZNTbuj7Jzb2WDYSSHwi7x5s4ovOMuAncANYBltiHq8LSG4yk_hi46sbV0DvzD6JKeG5tgUO1okQHU13KNW9FdeQVJ6mcL69waK4rFdl7XDxZWAlUFtQJIxn37_S6BKiMkBkkl2OcA/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcbwKZNTbuj7Jzb2WDYSSHwi7x5s4ovOMuAncANYBltiHq8LSG4yk_hi46sbV0DvzD6JKeG5tgUO1okQHU13KNW9FdeQVJ6mcL69waK4rFdl7XDxZWAlUFtQJIxn37_S6BKiMkBkkl2OcA/s1600/Picture1.jpg" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Pembakaran
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Lapisan Tetap</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 26pt; text-indent: -0.3in;"><span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 95%; mso-color-index: 6; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Metode lapisan tetap menggunakan
stoker boiler untuk proses pembakarannya. Sebagai</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">bahan bakarnya adalah
batubara dengan kadar abu yang tidak terlalu rendah dan berukuran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">maksimum
sekitar 30mm. Selain itu, karena adanya pembatasan sebaran ukuran butiran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">batubara
yang digunakan, maka perlu dilakukan pengurangan jumlah fine coal yang ikut</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">tercampur ke dalam batubara tersebut. Alasan tidak digunakannya batubara dengan
kadar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">abu yang terlalu rendah adalah karena pada metode pembakaran ini,
batubara dibakar di</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia;">atas lapisan abu tebal yang terbentuk di atas kisi api
(traveling fire grate) pada stoker boiler.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Stoker Boiler</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXx40c17qU3IKFJq2G2r5gd3iw1rvX-1gOf0ou6qA-6MTrw_UkGhuUBp4p4RogX6tLeZyciLOcaUBxzVGI5cN22TDERqPfBo6lvQYdhGhM-Ri6Vg-2hP9BJDQfU9kUlrC2iAfXgXq9crcf/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXx40c17qU3IKFJq2G2r5gd3iw1rvX-1gOf0ou6qA-6MTrw_UkGhuUBp4p4RogX6tLeZyciLOcaUBxzVGI5cN22TDERqPfBo6lvQYdhGhM-Ri6Vg-2hP9BJDQfU9kUlrC2iAfXgXq9crcf/s1600/Picture1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pembakaran
Batubara Serbuk (Pulverized Coal Combustion/PCC)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 95%; mso-color-index: 6; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Constantia;">Pada PCC, batubara diremuk dulu
dengan menggunakan coal pulverizer (coal mill) sampai berukuran 200 mesh
(diameter 74μm), kemudian bersama – sama dengan udara pembakaran disemprotkan
ke boiler untuk dibakar. Pembakaran metode ini sensitif terhadap kualitas
batubara yang digunakan, terutama sifat ketergerusan (grindability), sifat
slagging, sifat fauling, dan kadar air (moisture content). Batubara yang
disukai untuk boiler PCC adalah yang memiliki sifat ketergerusan dengan HGI
(Hardgrove Grindability Index) di atas 40 dan kadar air kurang dari 30%, serta
rasio bahan bakar (fuel ratio) kurang dari 2. Pembakaran dengan metode PCC ini
akan menghasilkan abu yang terdiri diri dari clinker ash sebanyak 15% dan
sisanya berupa fly ash.</span></div>
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<!--[if ppt]--><span style="font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 95%; mso-color-index: 6; mso-special-format: bullet;"></span></span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.3in;">Gambar
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.3in;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.3in;">PCC Boiler</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQfi8mr1lUaP05ssU7Uoa9QfuUh68wcno_IX_xCLkuVEu3glpKp-nyx-ZRDdll6guMyVpqYvsLPpY9ZzJBFOu7G1U7kqs0lwzjZtm1S3ietoX5Kd38BvFD8_162ySeDj9Is-wMhTn_2C_y/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQfi8mr1lUaP05ssU7Uoa9QfuUh68wcno_IX_xCLkuVEu3glpKp-nyx-ZRDdll6guMyVpqYvsLPpY9ZzJBFOu7G1U7kqs0lwzjZtm1S3ietoX5Kd38BvFD8_162ySeDj9Is-wMhTn_2C_y/s1600/Picture2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pembakaran
Lapisan Mengambang (Fluidized Bed Combustion/FBC)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Pada pembakaran dengan metode FBC,
batubara diremuk terlebih dulu dengan menggunakan crusher sampai berukuran
maksimum 25mm. Tidak seperti pembakaran menggunakan stoker yang menempatkan
batubara di atas kisi api selama pembakaran atau metode PCC yang menyemprotkan
campuran batubara dan udara pada saat pembakaran, butiran batubara dijaga agar
dalam posisi mengambang, dengan cara melewatkan angin berkecepatan tertentu
dari bagian bawah boiler.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
Tipikal boiler FBC</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">PFBC</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Pada PFBC, selain dihasilkan panas
yang digunakan untuk memanaskan air menjadi uap untuk memutar turbin uap,
dihasilkan pula gas hasil pembakaran yang memiliki tekanan tinggi yang dapat
memutar turbin gas, sehingga PLTU yang menggunakan PFBC memiliki efisiensi
pembangkitan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan AFBC karena mekanisme
kombinasi (combined cycle) ini. Nilai efisiensi bruto pembangkitan (gross
efficiency) dapat mencapai 43%.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">kerja
PFBC</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 45pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw85fwxu_OqGjSjmPrEPeKDi48KFyjCvniX_-Dph-aPYWkdfSoXTl1lG0HK0z1Fo_Ej9HH-I1-_CmwAqDA-qe14LQIhz9LAELzaEO_owdnMKIgsSPcql_HLbLpaJpq1m-iy_xkPKl003Jm/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw85fwxu_OqGjSjmPrEPeKDi48KFyjCvniX_-Dph-aPYWkdfSoXTl1lG0HK0z1Fo_Ej9HH-I1-_CmwAqDA-qe14LQIhz9LAELzaEO_owdnMKIgsSPcql_HLbLpaJpq1m-iy_xkPKl003Jm/s1600/Picture4.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">efisiensi</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">panas</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0bd0d9; font-family: 'Wingdings 2'; text-indent: -0.3in;"></span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Untuk lebih meningkatkan efisiensi
panas, unit gasifikasi sebagian (partial gasifier) yang menggunakan teknologi
gasifikasi lapisan mengambang (fluidized bed gasification) kemudian ditambahkan
pada unit PFBC. Dengan kombinasi teknologi gasifikasi ini maka upaya
peningkatan suhu gas pada pintu masuk (inlet) turbin gas memungkinkan untuk
dilakukan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Pada proses gasifikasi di partial
gasifier tersebut, konversi karbon yang dicapai adalah sekitar 85%. Nilai ini
dapat ditingkatkan menjadi 100% melalui kombinasi dengan pengoksidasi
(oxidizer). Pengembangan lebih lanjut dari PFBC ini dinamakan dengan Advanced
PFBC (A-PFBC), yang prinsip kerjanya ditampilkan pada gambar 10 di bawah ini.
Efisiensi netto pembangkitan (net efficiency) yang dihasilkan pada A-PFBC ini
sangat tinggi, dapat mencapai 46%.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip kerja A-PFBC</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvvHqcPXD_lEh8spnDL7MRFW9Y5BeYTeytJ9WyFWcjC9pC0y19j-upFq38hfIjchrYW3lUWe6Mr2rGAzza8FOUDy8oAPvaeXpYPsyISwiy0DZENHwGuAr5eXAZnIvtBQK1CbYuPMf6LTU/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZvvHqcPXD_lEh8spnDL7MRFW9Y5BeYTeytJ9WyFWcjC9pC0y19j-upFq38hfIjchrYW3lUWe6Mr2rGAzza8FOUDy8oAPvaeXpYPsyISwiy0DZENHwGuAr5eXAZnIvtBQK1CbYuPMf6LTU/s400/Picture5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">ICFBC</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">R</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">uang </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">pembakaran
utama (primary combustion chamber) dan ruang pengambilan panas (heat recovery
chamber) dipisahkan oleh dinding penghalang yang terpasang miring. Kemudian,
karena pipa pemanas (heat exchange tube) tidak terpasang langsung pada ruang
pembakaran utama, maka tidak ada kekhawatiran terhadap keausan pipa sehingga
pasir silika digunakan sebagai pengganti batu kapur untuk media FBC. Batu kapur
masih tetap digunakan sebagai bahan pereduksi SOx, hanya jumlahnya ditekan
sesuai dengan keperluan saja.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> ICFBC</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7E5VvC5_Cjn-TDEHK4V8GJ-ERtu3H2FHlZlYl6BMhszd0ES4fe83oNTFOEYHB1iGz4vwOR0u9RX8iYx1Aq2kUSZzmdkL6Ww9pyPeguudrZu1KONfUs6NK_HqTUI_HB8u9xlBxP3JeYGvI/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7E5VvC5_Cjn-TDEHK4V8GJ-ERtu3H2FHlZlYl6BMhszd0ES4fe83oNTFOEYHB1iGz4vwOR0u9RX8iYx1Aq2kUSZzmdkL6Ww9pyPeguudrZu1KONfUs6NK_HqTUI_HB8u9xlBxP3JeYGvI/s1600/Picture6.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">IGCC</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">pada sistem ini terdapat alat
gasifikasi (gasifier) yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan gas, umumnya bertipe
entrained flow. Yang tersedia di pasaran saat ini untuk tipe tersebut misalnya
Chevron Texaco (lisensinya sekarang dimiliki GE Energy), E-Gas (lisensinya dulu
dimiliki Dow, kemudian Destec, dan terakhir Conoco Phillips ), dan Shell.
Prinsip kerja ketiga alat tersebut adalah sama, yaitu batubara dan oksigen
berkadar tinggi dimasukkan kedalamnya kemudian dilakukan reaksi berupa oksidasi
sebagian (partial oxidation) untuk menghasilkan gas sintetis (syngas), yang 85%
lebih komposisinya terdiri dari H</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in; vertical-align: sub;">2</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"> dan CO. Karena reaksi berlangsung
pada suhu tinggi, abu pada batubara akan melebur dan membentuk slag dalam
kondisi meleleh (glassy slag). Adapun panas yang ditimbulkan oleh proses
gasifikasi dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan uap bertekanan tinggi, yang
selanjutnya dialirkan ke turbin uap.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Gambar
</span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;">Tipikal IGCC</span></div>
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<span style="color: #04617b; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Pembangkitan
Kombinasi Dengan Gasifikasi Batubara</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">Peningkatan efisiensi pembangkitan
dengan mekanisme kombinasi melalui pemanfaatan gas sintetis hasil proses
gasifikasi seperti pada A-PFBC, selanjutnya mengarahkan teknologi pembangkitan
untuk lebih mengintensifkan penggunaan teknologi gasifikasi batubara ke dalam
sistem pembangkitan. Upaya ini akhirnya menghasilkan sistem pembangkitan yang
disebut dengan </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">I</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">ntegrated Coal </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">G</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">asification </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">C</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">ombined </span><span style="font-family: Constantia; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.3in;">C</span><span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">ycle (IGCC).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;">sekian pembahasan saya mengenai PLTU semoga bermanfaat ,,,<br /><br />lebih jelasnya download powerpointnya <a href="http://adf.ly/MvQVs" target="_blank">disini</a></span></div>
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jika bingung klik <a href="http://godamaiku.blogspot.com/2012/05/cara-mendownloadnya-tunggu-detik.html" target="_blank">cara</a> mendownload</div>
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<span style="font-family: Constantia; text-indent: -0.3in;"><br />Salam damaiku,,</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-6614070712135252512013-04-12T21:58:00.000-07:002013-04-12T21:58:24.674-07:00Tentang PLTN (nuclear power plants)<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA NUKLIR </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> (<span style="font-family: Arial;">nuclear power plants)</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Skema</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> PLTN </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> Nuclear Power Plant </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Turbin </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> Generator.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNHSVfp_ItiMFtJ3yUY_jnIiCyTufeFSMbXQmDSv7gR4BADs7dh1lDxel-pDvg1SbQE5rp9OWPcLzqq0eG2VSYmgp-mfnEcCY05v23YbWJ7G_0cGtnrgPKyop-oQYV_eZBtiz-_5F534/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuNHSVfp_ItiMFtJ3yUY_jnIiCyTufeFSMbXQmDSv7gR4BADs7dh1lDxel-pDvg1SbQE5rp9OWPcLzqq0eG2VSYmgp-mfnEcCY05v23YbWJ7G_0cGtnrgPKyop-oQYV_eZBtiz-_5F534/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Air yang panas menggerakkan kincir, sama seperti prinsip reaktor nuklir, uranium yang memiliki reaksi berantai menggerakkan reaktor untuk menghasilkan energi.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #666666;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (</span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">PLTN</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">) adalah stasiun pembangkit listrik thermal </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">di mana panas yang dihasilkan diperoleh dari satu atau lebih reaktor nuklir</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> pembangkit listrik.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Reaktor nuklir">Reaktor nuklir</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> yang pertama kali membangkitkan listrik adalah stasiun pembangkit percobaan </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EBR-I&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="EBR-I (halaman belum tersedia)">EBR-I</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Desember" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="20 Desember">20 Desember</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="1951">1951</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> di dekat </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arco,_Idaho&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Arco, Idaho (halaman belum tersedia)">Arco, Idaho</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">. Pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Juni" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="27 Juni">27 Juni</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="1954">1954</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, PLTN pertama dunia yang menghasilkan listrik untuk </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_listrik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Jaringan listrik (halaman belum tersedia)">jaringan listrik</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> (power grid) mulai beroperasi di </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obninsk&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Obninsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Obninsk</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>.<span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> PLTN skala komersil pertama adalah </span><a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calder_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Calder Hall (halaman belum tersedia)">Calder Hall</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Inggris">Inggris</a><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> yang dibuka pada 17 oktober 1956</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">PLTN termasuk dalam pembangkit daya base load</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;">, yang dapat bekerja dengan baik ketika daya keluarannya konstan (meskipun boiling water reactor</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> dapat turun hingga setengah dayanya ketika malam hari). Daya yang dibangkitkan per unit pembangkit berkisar dari 40 MWe</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> hingga 1000 MWe. Unit baru yang sedang dibangun pada tahun 2005</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-align: start;"> mempunyai daya 600-1200 MWe.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Di </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Amerika</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">, PLTN </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">adalah</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">sumber</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">energi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">terbesar</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">digunakan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">dalam</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">pembangkitan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">listrik</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">. </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">Dalam</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">skala</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> 1 : 5 </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">untuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">sektor</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">perumahan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">bisnis</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">. Uranium </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">sebagai</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">bahan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">baku</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">dimbodifikasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">menjadi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">bentuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> pellet yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">nantinya</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">akan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">memanaskan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> air </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">menghasilkan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Arial Narrow';">listrik.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Penambangan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Pemurnian</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> Uranium</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiarAXsGyGC1ioTYqomOu4TBbsAamzo1bAxhOb-Z-WEZI_QY5zLl7DbGK4QMw2Z6GkQRynXTBFC0BdbJJAFa4-zvwMaJxgRakKLrGrCapdAMByNTXxY8imHbiR6JlBxLXVkM6Z-3kKZ79w/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiarAXsGyGC1ioTYqomOu4TBbsAamzo1bAxhOb-Z-WEZI_QY5zLl7DbGK4QMw2Z6GkQRynXTBFC0BdbJJAFa4-zvwMaJxgRakKLrGrCapdAMByNTXxY8imHbiR6JlBxLXVkM6Z-3kKZ79w/s320/Picture2.jpg" width="204" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJk6VnY6_NpfaQuLg9KAddkRE4ZyQPX8TgFTt98aL_F-CI2-feBsV9zlNwYCSt70oJDy8HHWvDy4nRSN0flQi2I-2-wlNC6yZtQkYwIVwM7c_r3TsNt5URghDpqcxt4yBgXfuOnWAT9NY/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJk6VnY6_NpfaQuLg9KAddkRE4ZyQPX8TgFTt98aL_F-CI2-feBsV9zlNwYCSt70oJDy8HHWvDy4nRSN0flQi2I-2-wlNC6yZtQkYwIVwM7c_r3TsNt5URghDpqcxt4yBgXfuOnWAT9NY/s320/Picture3.jpg" width="223" /></a></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Bijih</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Uranium -</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Larutan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Uranium - hexafluoride -</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Gas -</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: 'Wingdings 3'; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"> Solid.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfO7_GoKQqMybR1ustbDWbRXFyUxSfLXgrDqW7wxSA-uURGikgXmecWmEy4cAMThpvNnXhjckGEOqG-Tq_rmI6IAw-zOFKMndx-doIxbLvOM5u6QIjRjXE-_HOIVWUCUp1fAoaJnHsHW4/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfO7_GoKQqMybR1ustbDWbRXFyUxSfLXgrDqW7wxSA-uURGikgXmecWmEy4cAMThpvNnXhjckGEOqG-Tq_rmI6IAw-zOFKMndx-doIxbLvOM5u6QIjRjXE-_HOIVWUCUp1fAoaJnHsHW4/s200/Picture4.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b>Uranium dikemas dalam bentuk pelet.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Energi</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Nuklir</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">berasal</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dari</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Fisi.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">Pemisahan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> Atom Splitting Atoms </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">melepaskan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> Neutron </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">menghasilkan</span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">panas</span><br />
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REAKTOR AIR BERTEKANA</div>
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Keuntungan PLTN</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Tidak menghasilkan emisi gas rumah kaca</b> (selama operasi normal) - gas rumah kaca hanya dikeluarkan ketika Generator Diesel Darurat dinyalakan dan hanya sedikit menghasilkan gas)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Tidak mencemari udara</b> - tidak menghasilkan gas-gas berbahaya sepert karbon monoksida, sulfur<a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur_dioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Sulfur dioksida (halaman belum tersedia)"> </a>dioksida, aerosol mercury, nitrogen oksida, partikulate atau asap foto kimia.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Sedikit menghasilkan limbah padat</b> (selama operasi normal)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Biaya bahan bakar rendah</b> - hanya sedikit bahan bakar yang diperlukan</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Ketersedian bahan bakar yang melimpah</b> - sekali lagi, karena sangat sedikit bahan bakar yang diperlukan</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>Baterai nuklir</b> </li>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Resiko kecelakaan yang tinggi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Limbah Radio aktif yang berbahaya.</span></span></div>
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untuk mendownload slide nya klik <a href="http://adf.ly/MrX8z" target="_blank">disini</a><br /><br />salam damaiku,,,,,,,,,<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_QI0WUXNenFMeHEO2XjmSttFCx7CReoJ2Y_o7wuRN2NafqiNZuOMvLSxF6lhKWMvU0lToqY7deAiuY7Vz_ocN9p3touHqCJazHisIED1k08Ap4mGaHGTvQiqdrk7PO7ldmXCoJSK8teQ/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></a><br />
<span style="color: #003366; font-family: Arial; font-size: 40.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: +mj-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-color-index: 0; mso-fareast-font-family: +mj-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #003366; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-50607094841729369332013-04-10T00:57:00.000-07:002013-04-19T05:52:43.060-07:00Batuan Sedimen<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings;">S</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;">senarai</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHRMuaJ4AGXEBk-MaHy_lqDiCg7l0xgfTufXgDFbNYBgrqlF6PxaEVJASfRLjcG06aAlPCiEdcYi-UF2pCsr671tLIOXefY61e_hd38yxkfLgX_k_c4xpfoYfKs_DCcY6NC-OW_YUfY3d/s1600/datrius.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXHRMuaJ4AGXEBk-MaHy_lqDiCg7l0xgfTufXgDFbNYBgrqlF6PxaEVJASfRLjcG06aAlPCiEdcYi-UF2pCsr671tLIOXefY61e_hd38yxkfLgX_k_c4xpfoYfKs_DCcY6NC-OW_YUfY3d/s1600/datrius.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">75 % </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tertutup</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">walaupun</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">hanya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> 5 % </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">keras</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">bumi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">fosil</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">sisa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> prehistoric).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">n</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">juga</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">nilai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">ekonomis</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">mengandung</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> petroleum, air </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">tambang</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"> (uranium, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">emas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">,
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">besi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">SEDIMENTASI </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> proses </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dimana</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">partikel</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengendap</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">terpisah</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">suspensi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">Sedimen</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">terdiri</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">fraksi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">termasuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">juga</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">partikel</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">terendap</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">larutan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">Partikel</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">diklasifikasikan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">menurut</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;">ukurannya</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (grain size),</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;">Apakah</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;">Batuan</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;">Sedimen</span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-family: Tahoma;">itu?</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> :</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> yang </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">terbentuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> di </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">permukaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">bumi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">pada</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">kondisi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">temperatur</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">tekanan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">rendah</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Hasil</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">akumulasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">dan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">solidifikasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">sediments</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Material/</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">sedimen</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">diangkut</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">/transport </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">melalui</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"> media : air, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Angin</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">es</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">Batuan</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">Sedimen</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> “mechanical and chemical
weathering”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">Keterdapatan</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> ~ 5 percent (by volume) of
Earth’s outer 10 miles</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">Memberikan</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">bukti</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">masa</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">lampau</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">past
environments</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">Memberikan</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">informasi</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">tentang</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
“sediment transport”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.25in;">•</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sering</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">mengandung</span><span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;">
“fossils”</span></div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange;">TIGA
PRINSIP UTAMA DALAM PROSES PEMBENTUKAN </span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">BATUAN SEDIMEN</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">The
Principle of </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">Uniformitariansm</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">→ the present is the key to the
past</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">Observasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">terhadap</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">
proses </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">sedimentasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">saat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">membantu</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">memahami</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">asal</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">usul</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">sedimen</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">lebih</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">tua</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">The
Law of Superposition</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">→ in a sequence of sedimentary
layers (strata), the oldest layer or bed is on the</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">bottom and the youngest is
at the top.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> l</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">apisan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">terdeposit</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">lapisan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"> demi
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">lapisan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.38in;">n</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">The
Principle of Original Horizontality</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-weight: bold;">→ </span><span style="color: #666666;"><b> sediment
</b></span></span><span style="color: #666666; text-indent: -0.38in;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">rokcs</span><span style="font-family: Arial;">
is generally deposited in horizontal or
nearly horizontal beds.</span></b></span></div>
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<b style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;">→ if beds are tilted or vertical, geologists
know that deformation has occurred.</b></div>
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<b style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><i><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Empat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Tahap </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pembentukan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sedimen</span></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.67in;">1.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pelapukan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.67in;">weathering</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Melapukkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hadir</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dahulu</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">pre-existing rock</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">) </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Mechanical</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Chemical</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Mengubah</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">sediment</span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.67in;">2.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pengangkutan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.67in;">transportation</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">)</span></div>
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<div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 7.68pt; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sediment
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diangkut</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> :</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Angin</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">wind</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Air (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">water</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Es</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">ice</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Gambaran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pengangkutan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">sediment</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">?</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pemilahan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Sorting</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Pembundaran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
(</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Rounding</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ffcc00; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">Bila</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">butiran</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (sediment) </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">terangkut</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">jauh</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">maka</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">menghasilkan</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">butiran</span><span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">membundar</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">Lebih lama sediment terangkut sedimen lebih tersotasi</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.67in;">3.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pengendapan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.67in;">deposition</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">) – </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">terjadi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">bila</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.67in;">geologic agent</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">tidak</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">dapat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">mengangkut</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">sedimen</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">lebih</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> lama</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Mengangkut</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> sediment </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">membutuhkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">energy</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">!</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Terdapat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">hubungan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">ukuran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">butir</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">grain size</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">) & energy</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Butiran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kecil</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">membutuhkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">kecil</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Buturan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">besar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">membutuhkan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">besar</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Jika</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">melambat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">,
sediment </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diendapkan</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Jika</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">mengalir</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">cepat</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">,
sediment </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">berukuran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">besar</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">terbawa</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.67in;">4.</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">Pembatuan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.67in;">lithification</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.67in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Kompaksi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Compaction</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">) – </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menutupi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">diatasnya</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">overlying sediments</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">) </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menyusun</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">butiran</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">menekan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">rongga</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pori</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;">•<span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sementasi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Cementation</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">)- </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">rongga</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pori</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">terisi</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">pengendapan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> :</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Calcite</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; mso-special-format: bullet;">–</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Quartz</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; line-height: 90%; text-indent: -0.31in;">iron </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Sumber</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> material sedimen</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.38in;">Detritus</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> – </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">pecahan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">batuan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">e.g., gravel, sand, silt, clay yang
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">berasal</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">erosi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">permukaan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">lahan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">Precipitasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">kimia</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.38in;">Chemical Precipitation</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">) – </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengendapan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> material </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">terlarut</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> air</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Presipitasi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">langsung</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">direct precipitation</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Tetumbuhan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">atau</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">binatang</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">mengekstraksi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">zat</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">kimia</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
air </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">untuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">membentuk</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">cangkang</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">(</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">shells</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">),
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">kerangka</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">skeletons</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">),
etc.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">Ketika</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">binatang</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">mati</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">,
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">maka</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">cangkang</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">diendapkan</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">Batuan</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">sedimen</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;"> detrital </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma;">(</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Detrital Sedimentary Rocks)</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">Komposisi</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> – </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">kebanyakan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">terdiri</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.38in;">quartz, feldspars </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">&</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.38in;"> clay</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; text-indent: -0.38in;">•</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">Diklasifikasikan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">berdasarkan</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">ukuran</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;">partikel</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">Conglomerate</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(> 2 mm, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">rounded grains</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">Breccia</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
(> 2 mm, </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">angular grains</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">Sandstone</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
- 2 to 1/16 mm (see grains</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">Siltstone</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
- 1/16 to 1/256 mm</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">–</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic; text-indent: -0.31in;">Shale</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma; text-indent: -0.31in;">
- < 1/256 mm</span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma; font-style: italic;">Jenis batuan sedimen</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">a. Batuan sedimen Klastik</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">Merupakan batuan sedimen yang terbentuk dari pengendapan kembali detritus atau pecahan</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">batuan sebelumnya/batuan asal. Batuan asal dapat berupa batuan beku, metamorf maupun </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">sedimen.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">b. Batuan sedimen Nonklastik</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">Terbentuk dari hasil reaksi kimia atau bisa juga dari hasil kegiatan organisme. Reaksi kimia </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">yang dimaksud adalah kristalisasi langsung atau reaksi organik.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: orange;"><i>Struktur batuan sedimen</i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: orange;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;">a.Struktur sedimen klastik</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">1.Stratified : adanya perlapisan pada batuan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">2.Unstratified : jika batuan tidak memiliki perlapisan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">b.Struktur sedimen nonklastik</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">1.Fosiliferaus : ditunjukkan adanya fosil atau komposisi dari fosil</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">2.Oolitik : fragmen klastik yang diselubungi mineral non-klastik</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">3.Pisolitik : sama dengan oolitik tetapi ukuran diameter lebih besar 2mm</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">4.Cone incone : ditunjukkan pertumbuhan kerucut perkerucut</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">5.Bioherin : tersusun oleh organisme murni dan bersifat insitu.</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">sekian pembahasan mengenai batuan sedimen semoga bermanfaat</span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Tahoma;">klik <a href="http://adf.ly/Mg3sC" target="_blank">disini</a> untuk mendownload file slide nya ...<br /><br />Salam damaiku............</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-3883896661581641152013-04-01T04:40:00.001-07:002013-04-05T18:18:47.274-07:00Misteri Segitiga Bermuda (tri angle)<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
<br />
Menurut Syaikh Imam Ma'rifatullah Al-Arasy,segitigabermuda merupakan titik
tempat terujung dari Dunia ini.di tengah kawasan tersebut terdapat sebuah pulau
berpasir dan di pulau itu terdapt sebuah telaga yang airny dapat membuat siapa
saja yg meminumnya menjadi panjang umur,dan di tempat itu pula Nabi Khidir
bertahta menjaga Ainul Hayat atau air kehidupan dan menurut cerita Air itu juga
yg membuat Nabi Khidir Bisa hidup sampai sekarang.Waallahu A'lam bi sawab..</span><br />
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Dalam hadist yg di riwayatkan oleh Abu Hurairah dari Nabi Muhammad SAW
bersabda:"Tempat di mana terjadinya pertemuan antara suhu panas dan dingin
adalah tempat yg paling di gemari oleh syetan". Sedangkan Syetan adalah
musuh manusia yg nyata . Karena menurut beberapa pendapat ada yg mengatakan
bahwa segitiga bermuda merupakan lautan pusat bertemunya dua Arus air panas
dari Afrika dan dingin dari Amerika Utara,karena segitiga bermuda terletak di
Lautan samudra Atlantik. Seperti dikutip dari buku "Berdialog dengan Jin
Muslim"di tulis oleh M.Isa Daud.Bahwa di kawasan tersebut terdapat
kerajaan Iblis terbesar dan tertua,di mana siapa saja orang yg melintasi
wilayah tersebut akan di culik untuk di jadikan budak dan pemuas nafsu penghuni
tempat tersebt.Waallahu a'lam bi sawab..</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5n_oVaO-ReaX6HFUTJ9OPN7D_FNalwdbKNpn9gb9fQ_HPHY7wcoi0o9NMh2Vhrds5K9LTHap4tNu-J0T2HvKR4evUAYcmKdy6X1JZ6bVqz5usHlwJ-SGdAqjzIEojijf-X9UCVbp9bvy/s1600/dajjal-black1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5n_oVaO-ReaX6HFUTJ9OPN7D_FNalwdbKNpn9gb9fQ_HPHY7wcoi0o9NMh2Vhrds5K9LTHap4tNu-J0T2HvKR4evUAYcmKdy6X1JZ6bVqz5usHlwJ-SGdAqjzIEojijf-X9UCVbp9bvy/s1600/dajjal-black1.gif" /></a></div>
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Segitiga bermuda terkadang juga di sebut segitiga syetan adalah sebuah wilayah
lautan di samudra atlantik seluas 1,5juta Mil2 atau 4Juta Km2 yg membentuk
sebuah garis segitiga antara bermuda wilayah teritorial Britania Raya sebagai
titik sebelah utara,Puertoriko teritorial Amerika serikat sebagai titik sebelah
selatan dan Miami negara bagian florida Amerika serikat sebagai titik sebelah
barat..di mana di kawasan tersebut sering terjadi kehilangan pesawat dan kapal2
secara Misterius saat melintasi segitigabermuda trsebut..dan pelayar pertama yg
selamat saat melintasi segitiga bermuda adalah Christopher
colombus..Subhanallah"..<br />
<br />
Pada masa pelayaran Christopher colombus ketika melintasi areal segitiga
bermuda,salah satu awak kapalny mengatakan melihat cahaya aneh yg berkemilauan
di cakrawala,beberapa orang mengatakan telah mengamati sesuatu seperti meteor
yg berjatuhan dari langit.dalam catatan ia menulis bahwa peralatan navigasi
tidak berfungsi dngn baik,seperti jarum kompas yg berputar-putar tidak dapat
menentukan arah padahal saat itu suasana laut sdang tenang..<br />
<br />
Lubang Air Raksasa yg Muncul di Kawasan bermuda Menghisap Benda Sebesar Apapun
yg lewat di Sekitarny,waallahu a'lam bi sawab(hanya Allah yg maha tahu)..</span><br />
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Kenapa di sebut segitiga bermuda ? karena kawasan Maut tersebut membentuk
Sebuah Segitiga di kawasan laut Bermuda di Samudra Atlantik.di mana dahulu
terdapat sebuah benua atlantis yg megah dan berperadaban tinggi,negara itu
sangat makmur loh jinawi hingga tembok2ny terbuat dari emas dan perak,tapi
akibat kesombongan penduduk negri itu,akhirny dalam waktu satu hari satu malam
kota megah itu di tenggelamkan oleh Allah swt dngn gempabumi dan banjir besar
dan kota Atlantis yg megah itupun musnah dan tenggelam kedasar lautan bersama peradabanny
kedasar samudra atlantik yg tersisa kini hanyalah puing2 kota mati di dasar
samudra tersebut,Allahu Akbar..</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Semoga bermanfaat ,,<br /><br />SALAM DAMAIKU<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-60914538208571639072013-04-01T04:40:00.000-07:002013-04-05T18:18:47.282-07:00Tentang Hajar Aswad<br />
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Hajar Aswad adalah batu hitam yang terletak di sudut sebelah Tenggara Ka’bah,
yaitu sudut dari mana Tawaf dimulai. Hajar Aswad merupakan jenis batu ‘RUBY’
yang diturunkan Allah dari surga melalui malaikat Jibril. Hajar Aswad terdiri
dari delapan keping yang terkumpul dan diikat dengan lingkaran perak. Batu
hitam itu sudah licin karena terus menerus di kecup, dicium dan diusap-usap
oleh jutaan bahkan milyaran manusia sejak Nabi Adam, yaitu jamaah yang datang
ke Baitullah, baik untuk haji maupun untuk tujuan Umrah.<br />
<br />
Hadist Sahih riwayat Imam Bathaqie dan Ibnu ‘Abas RA, bahwa Rasul SAW bersabda:<br />
“Allah akan membangkitkan Al-Hajar (Hajar Aswad) pada hari kiamat. Ia dapat
melihat dan dapat berkata. Ia akan menjadi saksi terhadap orang yang pernah
memegangnya dengan ikhlas dan benar”.<br />
<br />
Hadis tersebut mengatakan bahwa disunatkan membaca do’a ketika hendak istilam
(mengusap) atau melambainya pada permulaan thawaf atau pada setiap putaran, sebagai
mana, diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Umar RA. Artinya:<br />
“Bahwa Nabi Muhammad SAW datang ke Ka’bah lalu diusapnya Hajar Aswad sambil
membaca Bismillah Wallahu Akbar”.<br />
<br />
ASAL – USUL HAJAR ASWAD<br />
<br />
Ketika Nabi Ibrahim a.s bersama anaknya membangun Ka’bah banyak kekurangan yang
dialaminya. Pada mulanya Ka’bah itu tidak ada bumbung dan pintu masuk. Nabi
Ibrahim a.s bersama Nabi Ismail mau membangunnya dengan meninggikan bangunannya
dan mengangkut batu dari berbagai gunung. setelah bangunan Ka’bah itu hampir
selesai, ternyata Nabi Ibrahim masih merasa kekurangan sebuah batu lagi untuk
diletakkan di Kaabah.<br />
<br />
Nabi Ibrahim berkata pada Nabi Ismail, “Pergilah engkau mencari sebuah batu
yang akan aku letakkan sebagai penanda bagi manusia.”<br />
<br />
Kemudian Nabi Ismail a.s pun pergi dari satu bukit ke satu bukit untuk mencari
batu yang baik dan sesuai. Ketika Nabi Ismail a.s sedang mencari batu di sebuah
bukit, tiba-tiba datang malaikat Jibril a.s memberikan sebuah batu yang cantik.
Nabi Ismail dengan segera membawa batu itu kepada Nabi Ibrahim a.s. Nabi
Ibrahim a.s. merasa gembira melihat batu yang sungguh cantik itu, beliau
menciumnya beberapa kali. Kemudian Nabi Ibrahim a.s bertanya, “Dari mana kamu
dapat batu ini?”<br />
<br />
Nabi Ismail berkata, “Batu ini kuterima dari yang tidak memberatkan cucuku dan
cucumu (Jibril).”<br />
<br />
Nabi Ibrahim mencium lagi batu itu dan diikuti oleh Nabi Ismail a.s. Sehingga
sekarang Hajar Aswad itu dicium oleh orang-orang yang pergi ke Baitullah. Siapa
saja yang bertawaf di Ka’bah disunnahkan mencium Hajar Aswad.<br />
<br />
Perhatikan Rahasia Besar Yang Tidak Pernah Kita Bayangkan Sebelumnya<br />
<br />
1. Satu riwayat Sahih dinyatakan: “HajarAswad dan Makam Ibrahim berasal dari
batu-batu ruby surga yang kalaulah tidak karena sentuhan dosa-dosa manusia akan
dapat menyinari antara timur dan barat. Setiap orang sakit yang memegangnya
akan sembuh dari sakitnya”<br />
<br />
Dulunya batu Hajar Aswad itu putih bersih, tetapi akibat dicium oleh setiap
orang yang datang menziarahi Ka’bah, ia menjadi hitam seperti terdapat
sekarang. Wallahu a’alam.<br />
<br />
2. “‘Barangsiapa menunaikan ibadah haji, dan ia tak berbuat rafats dan fasik,
maka ia kembali (suci dan bersih) seperti anak manusia yang baru lahir dari
perut ibunya.” (Muttafaqun alaihi).<br />
<br />
3. Mencium hajar aswad pada saat Haji Di Baitullah tidak dapat diwakilkan, Ia
menjadi penyedot Dosa tanpa kita sadari, alangkah beruntungnya orang yang bisa
menyentuh, mengusap dan memegangnya.<br />
<br />
Hadis Siti Aisyah RA mengatakan bahwa Rasul SAW bersabda:<br />
“Nikmatilah (peganglah) Hajar Aswad ini sebelum diangkat (dari bumi). Ia berasal
dari surga dan setiap sesuatu yang keluar dari surga akan kembali ke surga
sebelum kiamat”.<br />
<br />
Akhir kata, Kita semua tahu jika Hajar Aswad hanyalah batu yang tidak
memberikan mudorat atau manfaat, begitu juga dengan Ka’bah, ia hanyalah
bangunan yang terbuat dari batu. Akan tetapi apa yang kita lakukan dalam
prosesi ibadah haji tersebut lebih baik kita niatkan sekedar mengikuti ajaran
dan sunnah Nabi SAW.<br />
<br />
Umar bin Khatabpun juga pernah mengatakan “Aku tahu bahwa kau hanyalah batu,
kalaulah bukan karena aku melihat kekasihku Nabi SAW menciummu dan menyentuhmu,
maka aku tidak akan menyentuhmu atau menciummu”<br />
<br />
Jadi apa yang dikerjakan berjuta juta umat islam, scientis muslim, dan orang
-orang yang pandai bukanlah menyembah Batu seperti yang banyak dituduhkan kaum
yang picik sekali akalnya. Karena ada rahasia besar dibalik setiap perilaku
Nabi Muhammad saw dan sebab tentu saja apa yang dilakukan oleh beliau pastilah
berasal dari Allah, sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam firmanNya : “Dan tiadalah
yang diucapkannya itu menurut kemauan hawa nafsunya. Ucapannya itu tiada lain
hanyalah wahyu yang diwahyukan (QS. An-Najm : 53 )<br />
<br />
~~ Sejarah Panjang Hajar Aswad ~~<br />
<br />
1. 1850 - 1820 SM : Nabi Ibrahim meletakkan Hajar Aswad di<br />
Ka'bah<br />
2. 400M : Amr Bin Harits bin Madhadh al-Jurhum memasukkan<br />
ke dalam sumur Zamzam<br />
3. 400 M : Qushay bin Kilab (Kakek Rasul SAW yang kelima)<br />
meletakkan kembali ke tempatnya di Ka'bah<br />
4. 606 M : Terjadi kerusakan pada Ka'bah akibat banjir.Rasul<br />
SAW menempatkannya di tempat yang ada<br />
sekarang,setelah terjadi perdebatan antar kabilah<br />
Quraisy.<br />
5. 180-an H : Abdullah bin Zubair memasang lingkaran pita<br />
perak di sekeliling Hajar Aswad<br />
6. 7 Zulhijah 317 H :Abu Tahir Al Qarmuthi mencopot Hajar<br />
Aswad<br />
7. 10 Dzulhijjah 399 H , Hajar Aswad berhasil dikembalikan ke tempatnya<br />
8. 363 H, Hajar Aswad dipukul oleh seorang laki-laki Romawi,<br />
namun ia tidak berhasil membawanya.<br />
9. 413 H,seorang laki-laki dari Bani Fatimiyyah,memecahkan<br />
Hajar Aswad<br />
10. 990 H,seorang laki-laki asing memukul Hajar Aswad<br />
11. 1268 H, Sultan Abdul Majid mengganti lingkaran perak<br />
dengan emas<br />
12. 1293 H,Sultan Abdul Aziz menggantI lingkaran emas dengan perak.<br />
13. Muharram 1351 H,seorang laki-laki dari Afghanistan mencungkil pecahan Hajar
Aswad dan mencuri potongan Kiswah Ka'bah<br />
14. 28 Rabiul Akhir 1351 H,Raja Abdul Aziz bin Abdur Rahman Al-Faisal As-Saud
merekatkan kembali Hajar Aswad yang telah pecah dan memberinya lingkaran perak
di sekelilingnya<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
semoga bermanfaat ,,,</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-75286517993103594602013-04-01T03:55:00.000-07:002013-04-05T18:18:47.284-07:00Masjid dua kiblat (Qiblatain)<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Masjid Qiblatain di Madinah berbeda dengan masjid lain yang
ada di dunia. Masjid ini memiliki dua tempat imam salat dengan kiblat yang
berlawanan. Tak percaya? Datang saja langsung saat traveling ke Madinah.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk4GXe-RC85uzxmyFUReBKLPL9c4lXtsJQIl63zCbY-bKVto1_qIzjt-L92O7PKprKoCscnlzqpPkYX3G3rRIqv16osHOu-_weGpgW8OPtnjYAjDcmQm7xB-f7HMtSTZ3CTXnlnB4DIoJS/s1600/masjid-qiblatain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk4GXe-RC85uzxmyFUReBKLPL9c4lXtsJQIl63zCbY-bKVto1_qIzjt-L92O7PKprKoCscnlzqpPkYX3G3rRIqv16osHOu-_weGpgW8OPtnjYAjDcmQm7xB-f7HMtSTZ3CTXnlnB4DIoJS/s320/masjid-qiblatain.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
Masjid Qiblatain di jalan Khalid bin Al Walid, barat laut Kota Madinah adalah
salah satu dari tiga masjid paling awal dalam sejarah Islam, selain Masjid Quba
dan Masjid Nabawi. Dinamakan Qiblatain karena di masjid inilah umat muslim
ditentukan arah kiblat salatnya menghadap Kabah di Masjidil Haram, Makkah.<br />
<br />
Dulu, sebelum kiblat salat umat muslim ditentukan menghadap Kabah, arah kiblat
salat menghadap Baitul Maqdis di Yerusalem. Di masjid inilah arah kiblat
diputar, seperti yang ditulis Islamic Landmarks, Selasa (24/7/2012).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr04G1QW3IOETN8rJuFgak8KAT3c0LdZK-whnSmTQJ1MgG3pJk_9DuRXBKa-_egiiVOSTAH9bnurpcGNUbF637dbw9d8hs8aW6AMteXSLIL-zh5-lk46SGuiXLTcb213opYvTWuMTTYIe4/s1600/masjid_qiblatain_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr04G1QW3IOETN8rJuFgak8KAT3c0LdZK-whnSmTQJ1MgG3pJk_9DuRXBKa-_egiiVOSTAH9bnurpcGNUbF637dbw9d8hs8aW6AMteXSLIL-zh5-lk46SGuiXLTcb213opYvTWuMTTYIe4/s320/masjid_qiblatain_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
Saat itu diriwayatkan Rasulullah SAW sedang menjalankan salat bersama para
sahabat. Kemudian turun wahyu Allah yang memerintahkan mengubah arah kiblat ke
Kabah di Makkah.<br />
<br />
Mendengar perintah langsung itu, Rasulullah pun langsung memutar arah salat
dari Baitul Maqdis ke Kabah. Sejak saat itu, arah kiblat umat Muslim pun
berubah ke Kabah di Masjidil Haram, Makkah.<br />
<br />
Untuk mengenang peristiwa penting itu, masjid lokasi penentuan arah kiblat
diberi nama Qiblatain. Qiblatain berarti dua kiblat.<br />
<br />
Tidak salah memang jika masjid ini diberi nama Qiblatain, karena ada dua tempat
imam salat di sini. Hanya saja, tempat imam salat yang menghadap Baitul Maqdis
sudah tidak dipakai karena perpindahan arah kiblat.<br />
<br />
Jika masuk ke dalam, Anda bisa melihat sendiri bekas tempat imam salat. Tempat
imam salat yang dulu dipakai saat kiblat menghadap Baitul Maqdis berupa pasir
dan tidak ada sajadah. Sebaliknya, tempat salat imam yang sekarang telah
memiliki mimbar khusus lengkap dengan sajadahnya.<br />
<br />
Saat ini, Masjid Qiblatain menjadi salah satu tempat persinggahan wajib umat
muslim yang sedang wisata religi ke Madinah. Mereka ingin melihat secara
langsung saksi bisu perpindahan arah kiblat.<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8524988269978639395.post-55643006488853533062013-03-23T22:05:00.000-07:002013-04-05T18:18:47.280-07:00GOOD MILK <br />
<br />
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In many cultures of the world, especially the western world, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially cattle, goats and sheep ) as a food product. For millennia , cow’s milk has been processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yogurt,kefir,ice cream, and especially the more durabel and easily transportable product, cheese. Modern industrial processes produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Humans are an exception in the natural world for consuming milk past infancy, despite the fact that many humans show some degree ( some as little as 5% ) of lactose intolerance, a characteristic that is more prevalent among individuals of African or Asia descent. The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the small intestines after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. On the other hand, those groups who do continue to tolerate milk often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cattel, but also sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horse, and camels. The largest producer and consumer of cattel and buffalo milk in the world is India <o:p></o:p><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhav8nJUD1w80dJuM3U5tIrikTqO_2c3EziGP1eOoOa9-QB4bxsL6zexSKdfzM40rFzDf4miacXzEWoBHieJS8-ZmzeQoh8JEVahxs0kGq6CRW_0cLSejjbyCJ-FeWqExT-OCcwWd34ATs/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhav8nJUD1w80dJuM3U5tIrikTqO_2c3EziGP1eOoOa9-QB4bxsL6zexSKdfzM40rFzDf4miacXzEWoBHieJS8-ZmzeQoh8JEVahxs0kGq6CRW_0cLSejjbyCJ-FeWqExT-OCcwWd34ATs/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16072309885658263158noreply@blogger.com0